England Land Records Glossary E to P (National Institute)

The original content for this article was contributed by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies in June 2012. It is an excerpt from their course English: Land and Property Records including Manorial Documents and Maps  by Dr. Penelope Christensen. The Institute offers over 200 comprehensive genealogy courses for a fee ($).

Glossary (cont.)

Exemplification	Formal copy of a court record with the court’s seal; usually for common recoveries but other types occur.
Extent	Survey and valuation of a manor
Fallow	Arable land which is resting from carrying crops.
Family Settlement	Document typically drawn up once each generation as the eldest son came of age. It detail the family as it is at this time and lists the property and money that each child could expect.
Farleu or Farley	A monetary fee paid instead of an heriot.
Farm	To farm also means to take the proceeds of land, office etc. for payment of a fixed sum.
Fealty	An oath of allegiance to the crown made by an incoming tenant
Fee or fief	Land or freehold property which could be inherited; usually held by performing military or other service.
Fee conditional	The inheritance of freehold land restricted by entail, e.g. to male heirs. Also called estate tail or fee tail.
Fee-farm rent	Rent set up on the sale of property by a grant in fee farm.
Fee Simple	A freehold estate which passes without restriction to the lawful heir. (SeeIn fee).
Fee tail	Estate in which inheritance is limited (entailed) e.g. fee tail male
Feet of fines	The bottom copy of three adjoining copies of a final concord (or fine).
Feoffee	Person to whom freehold land is conveyed by the oldest form of transfer, the feoffment,
Feoffment	Also called a Deed of Gift or a Charter of Feoffment. The earliest form of written record of the transfer of land by livery of seisin.
Feudal incidents	Various sources of income of the lord of the manor, such as fines, heriots and wardships
Feudal tenure	Tenure of land in return for military service but later commuted to a money payment
Field	(a) Pre-enclosure collection of furlongs, sometimes with many farmers. (b) An enclosure allotment with usually one proprietor
Field book	Written record of lands, furlongs, fields and commons in a manor
Field reeve	Manor court official overseeing proper use of open fields
Final Concord	Record of a collusive court case in Court of Common Pleas provided as three matching copies. Also called a fine – see foot of fine.
Fine	(a) A money payment paid by an incoming tenant to the lord of the manor. There was connotation of wrong-doing as the word has today. (b) Another name for a final concord
First class map	The most accurate of the tithe survey maps
Foot of a fine	The bottom part of a final concord or fine.
Forty shilling freeholder	Freehold with property worth at least 40 shillings (£2) a year, and aged 21-70 and consequently able to vote in both local and parliamentary elections and eligible for jury service.
Frank fee	A tenure which required no services; also called animproper feud
Frank tenement	Freehold
Frank tenure	Freehold
Freebench	The custom on some manors whereby a widow of a copyholder retained one-third or more of her late husband’s land until she died, or remarried.
Freehold	Absolute tenure of a property, (by 18th century) free of any obligation to the lord of the manor
Freehold Land Society	Early form of building society
Freeland	Freehold land
Furlong	a) 220 yards or one change or 1/8th mile b) A collection of (usually different farmers’) strips of land making up a rectangular area in an open field
Gavelkind	A system of inheritance, particularly in Kent and anciently in Wales, whereby estates were divided equally between sons, and only in the absence of the male heirs amongst daughters.
Gift	Any transfer of real property in the mediaeval period, whereas rights and tithes etc are made by grants.
Glebe	Land assigned to the parish incumbent as part of his benefice and endowment of the church.
Glebe terrier	Detailed list of the farmland held by the incumbent.
Glebe(land) or Glebe farm	The farm belonging to the rector
Goad’s plans	Fire Insurance plans
Grasson	Money payment made to the lord of the manor on transfer of a copyhold property
Hachuring	Hill shading on earlier maps
Hallmoot or Halmote	Manorial court
Headland	The strip of land at right angles to the end of the other strips in a furlong where the plough team turned.
Hec est finalis Concordia	Opening words of a Final Concord in Latin
Hereditament	a) Land which descended to an heir in cases of intestacy before 1926. b) Any property which may be inherited; tangible ones such as buildings and land are corporeal hereditaments, and intangibles such as rights and privileges are incorporeal hereditaments.
Heriot	The heir’s fee to enter the (particularly copyhold) land, formerly a gift of his best beast, and derived from the Saxon obligation to return to the lord the deceased’s military equipment (horse, harness and/or weapons). The money fee was also called a farleu orfarley. Abolished in 1922. See dead heriot.
Hide	Southern English equivalent of a carucate; usually 120 acres but could vary between 64 and 240 acres
HMC	Historical Manuscripts Commission, now part of TNA
Homage	Collective name for all the tenants of a manor
Home farm	Lord’s farm, or barton farm, on his demesne land
Hundred	A division of a county in southern England responsible for military, judicial and administrative functions
Hundred court	The court of an hundred
Hundred Rolls	Records of the 1279 enquiry into feudal holdings
Husbandman	A farmer below the rank of yeoman, usually a copyholder of leaseholder
Ichnographical plan	True plans showing only walls or outlines of buildings, in comparison with tiny pictures of them
In fee	Hereditarily (see fee simple)
In fee male	Through male descent
Incidents of tenure	Feudal incidents
Inclosure	See Enclosure
Incorporeal hereditaments.	Intangible inheritable property such as rights and privileges
Indenture	Deed to which there are two or more parties. Two or three copies of an agreement separated by a wavy (indented) line, so that they could be matched to prove authenticity.
Inquisitions ad Quod Damnum	An enquiry made by the county escheators regarding possible effect on the king’s rights of an application to alienate land, or for the grant of a market of fair.
Inquisition Post Mortem	An enquiry made by the county escheators to see if the king’s rights were affected by the death of a tenant-in-chief.
Intake	Land enclosed from former waste. See Assart.
Intituled	Entitled
IPQ	Inquisition Post Mortem
Joint tenant	Shared ownership whilst alive with survivor inheriting
Joint enfeoffment	The settlement of property jointly on a man and his wife, which avoided the payment of an entry fee for the tenure on the death of the husband.
Jointure	The income or estate that is settled on a widow for her life or until remarriage
King’s widow	Widow of a tenant-in-chief; she had to obtain the crown’s permission before remarriage.
Knight’s fee or Knight’s service	Feudal tenure where holder had to provide military assistance to the crown, usually a fully-armed knight and servants for 40 days a year. Often commuted to money payment and abolished in 1660..
Lady Day	25th March, one of the quarter days when rent was due, and formerly the 1st day of the year.
Lammas (day)	Harvest festival, 1st August
Lammas land	The common lands open for grazing from Lammas Day until Lady Day.
Land Tax'Assessment	Records of values of land holdings and taxes due
Land Tax Returns	The actual monies received for Land Tax
Last Heir	The party receiving land by escheat, usually the crown or the manorial lord.
Lathe	An ancient Kentish land division containing several hundreds.
Lease	Grant of real property to a tenant for a specified number of years or lives of people (tenants).
Lease and Release	A method of transferring land which did not involve the expense of enrollment on a court roll.
Leasehold	Type of tenure of land or property by lease
Letter of Attorney	Deed establishing a substitute to act for one of the parties in a transaction
Letters Close	Private letters closed with a seal – many are in the Close Rolls
Letters Patent	Open letters, usually embodying a grant of a holding or privilege and with a pendant (dangling) seal – many are enrolled in Patent Rolls
Ley	Temporary pasture
Liberty	A manor or group of manors, or other areas, that lay outside a sheriff’s jurisdiction; particularly in some cities and towns.
Licence to'alienate	Royal permission by Letters Patent, to sell or dispose of a property obtained from the crown and held by knight service.
Link	One hundredth of a surveyor’s chain length.
Livery (of seisin)	A symbolic giving of a lump of earth, turf or a stick when transferring freehold land in the most ancient manner in front of local witnesses. There was frequently no written documentation (which avoided payment of feudal dues to the lord) but if there was it was called a feoffment.
Lloyd George’s Domesday	Valuation Office Records
Loveboon	A ‘voluntary’ tax to the lord of the manor
LTA	Land Tax Assessment
Manor	A unit of estate management held by a lord (landlord, not a titled person) either directly or indirectly from the king. It held its own court and had its own customs of land holding.
Manor Court	The court belonging to the lord of a manor. Variously termed Court Baron or Customary Court (which regulated agriculture and land transactions within the manor) or Court Leet or View of Frankpledge (which regulated election of officials and policing). There are many variations in custom over time and throughout England and Wales.
Manorial Documents Register	A list held at TNA which identifies the location of manorial records.
Manorial Survey	A detailed listing of the lands held by the lord of the manor, typically made at a change of ownership.
Maritagium	A feudal lord’s right to dispose of the hand of an infant heir of his tenant in marriage. Where the heir was a girl, this ensured that she would marry someone capable of performing his feudal obligations to the lord. One of the profitable incidents of tenure.
Marriage Settlement	A document drawn up before, or sometimes shortly after, a marriage typically with a father transferring land, shares or money to a son, or to a daughter and her husband, to ensure that they had sufficient income.
MDR	Manorial Documents Register
Membrane	A sheet of parchment sewn with others into a roll
Mesne lord	A lord of the manor who was not a tenant-in-chief but under a superior lord who held his land from the king.
Messuage	Real property including a house, e.g. a farmstead; a dwelling house with outbuildings and surrounding land.
Michaelmas	One of the quarter days when rent was due; 29th September
Midsummer	One of the quarter days when rent was due; Midsummer 6th July until 1752 then 24th June;
Ministerial Accounts	Annual; accounts of income and expenditures by the steward, bailiff and other manorial officials.
Moiety	A portion of an estate, originally a half, but later any portion.
Mortgage	A pledge of land as security against the advance of money
Mound	The soil excavated from a ditch, thrown up on the owner’s side and on which a hedge was planted.
Muniment	A title deed, or evidence of a right or privilege
New Grant	Occurs at a manorial court when a house is built on a part of the lord’s waste land.
Next heir	Heir
Nonage	The condition of being under age.
NRA	National Register of Archives, now at TNA
Open field	Usually the pre-enclosure arrangement of 2 or 3 common fields, divided into a number of furlongs each consisting of several, individually-farmed strips,
Open parish	One in which it was relatively easy to for a stranger obtain a Settlement Certificate. There were more land owners and later enclosure than in a closed parish.
OS or O.S.	Ordnance Survey
Oxgang	A variable unit of land, about 1/8th of a carucate, also called a bovate, virgate or yardland
Palimpset	a) Sheet of re-used parchment – the original writing erased and new material written. b) Recycled monumental brass – taken up and engraved on reverse side.
Pannage	Right to let pigs feed on acorns and beech mast in forests of woods
Parcel	A piece of land, especially a strip in a common field

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