Justification for the following time line: The American Revolution was started in the north of the 13 colonies, but was truly won in the south of what became the United States of America. John Mangum was uniquely positioned as a mere private militiaman, just a boy, really, to participate in, and witness events that rescued a cause that appeared to be on the edge of floundering. Certainly he did not have the view of events as they developed as we do today, due to the vantage point that time gives us. But the events and personalities that circulated around him make his experience really informative. The following TIME LINE of the American Revolution in SC, is integrated with John Mangum’s (b. 19 Jan 1763; d. 3 Mar 1843) Revolutionary War Record. That record [found at LLQ2-C82, “John Mangum, Revolutionary War Soldier”] is an abridgement of an affidavit he gave in court 25 September 1832 when he applied for a Revolutionary War pension. His affidavit follows here integrated in the TIME LINE in an attempt to correct the romanticized and incorrect version of his service that has descended in the anecdotal memory of some of his descendants. Mangum’s statement was accepted by the court and became the record upon which his pension was granted. TIME LINE Abt. 1730= Andrew Williamson thought to have been born in Scotland, parents unknown. 1754= Andrew Williamson first appears on records in the Ninety Six, SC District as a supplier of livestock to frontier posts. He established a reputation for being dependable in this work, and consequently prospered. In the next twenty-five years he progressed from a “cow driver” to the most influential military and civic leader in the region. 1754= John Laurens was born to Henry and Eleanor Ball Laurens in Charleston SC. Henry was a member of the SC legislature and started acquisition of a considerable fortune in the slave trade, expanding this into land acquisition and rice plantations. The French and Indian War started this year and continued through 1763. May 1759= Andrew Williamson purchased property on Hard Labor Creek, near Ninety Six, SC, where he built Whitehall, his home plantation. He was married to Eliza “Betty” Tyler of Virginia before 1765. His property will eventually border some owned by Henry Laurens, though Laurens home appears to have been located close to Moncks Corner, near Charleston. Charleston was known as Charles Town until the Revolution was successfully completed. 2 Feb 1760= Cherokee Indians attack Ninety Six. Andrew Williamson and his family took refuge in the fort, where they were under attack. 22 Sep 1760= Andrew Williamson commissioned Lt. of militia. 1760-61= Williamson served under Col. Archibald Montgomery’s expedition against the Cherokees. 1761= Williamson served under Col. James Grant with 3000 militia, devastating Cherokees in retaliation to attacks. Cherokees surrendered much hunting territory NW of Ninety Six. 19 Jan 1763= John Mangum was born in Mecklenburg, Va. 5 Dec 1763 – 9 Nov 1764= Letters from Henry Laurens showing acquaintance, friendship and business accommodations with Lt. Andrew Williamson. Commenary: It is more than probable that this acquaintance led to Laurens and Williams entering into joint land venture business. Henry Laurens will eventually be sent from SC as a Delegate to the Second Continental Congress, where he will serve as its president for a period of time. That congress will assume responsibility for directing the 13 Colonies in their Revolution against England. 7 July 1764= Henry Laurens purchased land in Ninety Six District. May 1765 – Dec 1766= Lt. Andrew Williamson built Fort Charlotte on SC side of Savannah River just below its junction with the Georgia Broad River. Henry Laurens acknowledged to Williamson his appreciation because this work was accomplished under threat of Cherokee attack. Abt. 1769= Andrew Williamson acquired the Plantation “Horse Savannah” near Charleston. At this point he has every appearance of prosperity, acquiring much land through purchase, and eventually owing more than 90 slaves. In politics he supported the American Whig point of view tending to be anti British and lukewarm toward the regulator movement, disapproving of their harsh measures. Abt. 1770= Andrew Williamson was promoted to Major of SC Militia. Early 1771= Sixteen year old John Laurens, son of Henry, was taken by his father to England from SC for his education. Commentary: Laurens started his study in England, then moved on to Geneva, and finely returned to London in 1774 to study law. Here he was when the Revolution broke out in America. In his studies he was deeply impressed by the new sensibility movement then originating in England, manifesting itself in the sentimental novel, and more significantly for young Laurens in sensitivity to the ills of the eighteenth century, chief among these being human slavery. In correspondence between son and father they discovered how both abhorred slavery despite the family fortune resting largely on that institution. At the root of their correspondence was the incongruence between seeking American independence while at the same time holding slaves. This correspondence was perhaps academic for the elder Laurens, who after all had made his fortune largely on slavery, but not so much for the younger Laurens. Thus he proposed to his father that his future inheritance, approximately 40 slaves, be assigned to him immediately so that he could train them as Revolutionary War soldiers, with promise of emancipation at war’s end. Nothing came at the time of this theoretical correspondence, perhaps because SC was relatively uninvolved in the Revolution at the moment, the 1776 British attack on Charleston having failed. These thoughts expressed between son and father would be revived in time. Time Line: 10 May 1775= Convening of the Second Continental Congress. This body will assume responsibility for directing America’s war effort, including commissioning George Washington. 12 July 1775= Fort Charlotte on Savannah River was seized without bloodshed by Patriots. This was the first overt act of war in SC as part of the American Revolution and marks SC’s entry into the Revolutionary War. Commentary: This fort, located on the SC side of the Savannah River, about 45 miles above Augusta, had been built by Andrew Williamson, SC State Militia. Captain John Caldwell conducted and reported this event and William Cunningham was present as a Patriot at Ft. Charlotte. Caldwell is significant to this time line because he was killed 24 Nov 1781 by then Loyalist William “Bloody Bill” Cunningham as Cunningham moved from the Massacre at Hayes’ Station, with the high probability that John Mangum was still his prisoner, having been captured at Hayes’ Station. This incident will be developed presently. In 1775 John Mangum was 12 years old. Aug 1775= James Henderson Williams was elected to the SC Second Provisional Congress representing the Ninety Six District. 3 Nov 1775= Hijacking by Tories of munitions sent by SC authorities to Cherokee Indians: Commentary: Angry words between those having different views of events happening up north led, at the direction of the SC Provisional Congress, to the arrest of Judge Robert Cunningham by Major Andrew Williamson. Cunningham was confined to a Charleston Jail. Leading a 60 man Tory force in an unsuccessful rescue attempt, Robert’s brother, Maj. Patrick Cunningham came upon a 20 man wagon train hauling gun power and lead. This shipment, authorized by the State Provisional Congress, was in route to the Cherokees as a bribe to keep them neutral. The munitions were seized, which led to the first land battle of the Revolutionary War in SC. 19 - 20 Nov 1775= Skirmish at Ninety Six, SC or the battle of Ft. Williamson: Commentary: This event preceded the British unsuccessful attempt at taking Charleston in 1776. This fight was about retaking the Cherokee gun power and lead previously seized by the Tories. Andrew Williamson was the leader of the Patriots and this event ended in an uneasy twenty-day truce. SC inhabitants were dividing themselves between Loyalist to England and Patriots in the American Revolution. Loyalists were also known as Tories, Patriots as Whigs, mimicking political party names in England, Tories supporting war in America, Whigs opposed. Captain John Caldwell, with William Cunningham, participated at Ninety Six on the American side. News of happenings in Massachusetts such as the battles at Lexington and Concord (19 April) and Bunker Hill (17 June) were creating this division. One of the participants wounded on the Loyalist side at Ninety Six was Col. Thomas Edgehill, who owned a nearby plantation. His property was soon seized and occupied by Joseph Hayes as a base of operations. It is presumed that Hayes had property nearby, because subsequent accounts intermingle the Massacre at Hayes’ Station with the Battle of Edgehill. John Mangum was 12 years old during this period. William Cunningham was an observer and participant on the American side in the seizure of the Edgehill property. Time Line: 24 Dec 1775= Snow Campaign. Arrival of Patriot reinforcements and departure of Loyalist reversed the numbers present at the fight at Williamson’s fort. Commentary: Twenty days having expired the Patriots attacked the Loyalists near the confluence of the SC Broad and Saluda Rivers leading to a huge defeat for the Loyalists at the Great Cain Break. Many were captured, many more fled to take refuge with the Cherokee. The next night a huge snowstorm, 18 to 24 inches, almost unknown in the area, blanketed the region, giving the name to this event: The Snow Campaign. In ebb and flow of the Revolution in SC, at this moment the Patriots were winning. The gun power seized at this fight was again reserved for the Cherokees, which in fact had started this series of events! To their credit the Patriots refrained from heavy spoliation of the Loyalists, at the direction of their Provisional government. Robert Cunningham remained jailed in Charleston. 28 June 1776= The first Siege of Charleston, SC by the British failed. Commentary: Wm Cunningham, a cousin to Robert & Patrick, was probably present at Charleston, though under protest, because Caldwell’s Company, of which he was a part, had been sent into the low country. Cunningham attempted to resign, was court marshaled, and publicly whipped for insubordination. Eventually he was discharged from the military. Returning to the Ninety Six District, at this moment under Patriot domination, he felt his life threatened by a neighbor, one Captain Wm Richie, with whom he had previously served under Caldwell, and so he absented himself for the next two years. During this period he learned that his father’s property had been seized and that an invalid brother had been beaten to death by Richie. In anger he returned to the Ninety Six District and shot and killed Richie (1778) in front of his family. (No relationship has been discovered between this Richie and James Richey, future son in law to John Mangum, though both have roots in this section of SC.) This personal drama illustrates that civil war, rather than just Revolution, was raging in SC. John Mangum was 13 years old at this point. Time Line: 1 July 1776= From Virginia to SC, four thousand Cherokee Indian went on the offensive killing 60 South Carolinians in the Ninety Six District. Commentary: After withdrawing from their first attempt at taking Charleston, the British abandoned the South for the next two-and-a-half years. However, they already had plans in motion for supporting attacks by the Cherokees and Loyalists. The ebb and flow of events in SC favored the Patriot in late 1775, resulting in the arrest, flight, or expulsion of many of the prominent Loyalist. A number of these fled to the nearby Cherokee towns in and around western SC where they were given refuge. The Cherokees had ample cause for complaint due to encroachment on their lands. Thus with encouraging communication from northern Indian tribes, leadership from White Tories and direction and coordination from British Indian agents the southern Cherokees exploded across the SC frontier, especially near present day Laurens. British war vessels not yet having left Charleston harbor made aid from the Continental Army there unlikely. Time Line: Late July thru early Oct 1776= The Cherokees Campaign: Commentary: Indian Raids in the spring and summer of 1776 sparked a major backlash. In Major Andrew Williamson’s first encounter with the Cherokee following this outbreak, some thirteen white men, Tories, dressed in Indian garb were captured. The indignation at Whites participating in the savagery of Indian warfare inaugurated the bloody scenes that would play out between these neighbors for the remainder of the Revolution. Robert Cunningham, now out of jail, offered to accompany Williamson against the Cherokee, but was rebuffed. 31 July 1776= Major Andrew Williamson captured two white Tories who led his 330 man militia into an ambush by Cherokee and Tories. 1 Aug 1776= Battle of Twelve Mile Creek: South Carolinians were led by Maj. Andrew Williamson as commander in chief of this expedition. Before this series of events are over he was promoted to Colonel. Twelve Mile Creek joins the Keowee River near Clemson, SC, forming the Seneca, a tributary of the SC Broad River. Commentary: Large numbers of militia from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia entered Cherokee land, destroying crops and villages. The Cherokee fled westward before this advance, their power and presence all but extinguished in SC. During this campaign in the vicinity of present day Clemson, SC, a copy of the Declaration of Independence was received which was read to the troops by a militiaman standing on a plank laid across the backs of two horses. If we close our eyes and relax our minds we can still hear the words echoing thru this encampment: “When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Andrew Pickins was present serving under Andrew Williamson. John Mangum was a 13 year old back in Newberry. 20 May 1777= At DeWitt Corner, SC the Cherokee Indians surrendered all lands in SC excepting present day Oconee and Pickins County, the northern tip of NW South Carolina. Aug 1777= John Lauren returned from England to SC. His father had been selected as a SC delegate to the Second Continental Congress, so to Philadelphia the two Laurens went: Father to Congress, son to the camp of George Washington where he joined the Continental Army, and was enlisted as aid de camp to Washington because of his political connections and ability to speak French. He was 23 years of age. He participated with distinction and rashness at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and suffered at Valley Forge. 17 Oct 1777= The British, led by General John Burgoyne, were defeated at Saratoga, NY which brought France into the American Revolution on the side of the Americans. Commentary: France used the American victory at Saratoga as excuse to declared war on England, with whom they held ancient animosity. Saratoga has been judged as one of the most significant battles in the history of the world because it is inconceivable that America could have won its independence without French aid. The British recognized it as such, with drawing many of their regular troops to protect the home island from a possible invasion from France, now at war with England. This left an acute shortage of soldiers to subdue the Americans and led to the development of their “Southern Strategy”. This theory was that there were many Loyalist in the south who only needed leadership to bring them to the aid of the mother country. So South went the British for a second time taking the Revolution straight to John Mangum (age 15). Saratoga was more than a defeat: A British army was removed from the Revolution, which army in fact was incarcerated during this period at Charlottesville, Va., the liberating of which became part of Cornwallis’ purpose as he moved north out of the Carolinas. General Burgoyne was paroled and he returned to England. Parole was a system whereby officers and sometimes enlisted men were, when captured in war, released from captivity on their honor not to participate further in the war, until exchanged or in some way had their paroled satisfied. Burgoyne’s capture/parole will have a degree of later significance. TIME LINE: Early 1778= John Laurens again proposed to his father he be allowed to organize his future inheritance of slave property into part of a brigade of slaves to augment defense of Charleston, to where he foresaw the war returning. This notion was taken to Congress by the Senior Laurens. 16 Mar 1778= Parliament approved Instructions to a Peace Commission stimulated by their loss at Saratoga. In SC Andrew Williamson was promoted Brigadier General, his position as Colonel taken by James Henderson Williams. 16 April – Oct 1778= British Peace Commission sent to America to deal with Congress, proposed withdrawal of British troops, American representation in parliament, reversal of all obnoxious legislation that had precipitated the revolution, self rule within the British Empire and in fact everything sought by the Americans short of Independence. This foreshadowing of the Dominion of Nations concept developing within the British Empire came ten years too late to retain America. The commissioners learned of the Franco-American alliance just as they set sail in April. 22 Apr 1778= Congress resolved that any who came to terms with the Peace Commission was an enemy of the United States. 13 June 1778= The Peace Commissioners sent, one week after arrival in America, its proposals to Congress, then holding sessions in York, Pa., the British having occupied Philadelphia. 1 July 1778= Congress notified the Peace Commissioners that the only points they wouldconsider were British troop withdrawal and recognition of independence. 26 Aug 1778= Peace Commissioner George Johnstone resigned from commission when it was learned he had attempted bribery of members of Congress. 3 Oct 1778= Peace Commissioners appealed directly to the people of America by offering general pardons for past disloyalty and full pardons to all military or civil officers who asked for it within forty days. They had no takers. 10 Oct 1778= The Peace Commissioners printed and circulated a Manifesto which contained threats that the war was henceforth to become one of depravity and desolation. Fall 1778= War on the Southern frontier: Loyalist guerrilla parties, aided by British forces under Gen. Augustine Prevost from St. Augustine, Fla., raided into Georgia, burning, murdering, and seizing slave property for resale, led to Southern Department leader Gen. Robert Howe’s expedition to the St. Mary’s River in Florida. Disaster resulted for the Americans. General Williamson participated, but acquired the reputation that he was uncooperative. Immediately after this expedition Savannah fell to the British. 20 Dec 1778= The Pease Commission departed for England, issuing a warning proclamation that because of the French treaty, Britain had no choice but to destroy the colonies. This statement, like so many other actions of the British government strengthened the conviction that independence was the only course left open. Commentary: After the defeat at Saratoga, 17 October 1777, in which Gen. John Burgoyne’s army was removed from the Revolution, and heightened British apprehension concerning an American French alliance, Parliament sent the Carlisle Commission to negotiate a settlement with the Continental Congress, representing her former thirteen colonies. This was a change in official British policy, which here–to-for had treated only with individual colonies/states. Several things contributed to failure of this effort. These included insistence by Americans on recognition of Independence, awareness of the intended retreat of British troops from Philadelphia to New York, the learning of the French Alliance, the distrust of the commission’s personnel, and a growing sense that British efforts in America were increasingly becoming frustrated and desperate. Anger at failure led to some significant happenings. One involved Benedict Arnold’s decision toward treason. More widely spread were pronouncements by commissioners that changed the tone of the war from this point on to one of desolation and barbarianism to a degree not reached up to this point. This goes far to explain British and Tory behavior, including the renewing of Indian warfare, particularly in South Carolina, even after the war, for all intent and purpose, had been lost by England. Also of interest is that Lord Cornwallis came to America as Gen. Henry Clinton’s second in command aboard the same ship with the peace commissioners. He was destined to command the “southern strategy”, TIME LINE: 23 Dec 1778= John Laurens fought a duel with Gen. Charles Lee outside Philadelphia because Laurens took offense at Lee’s criticism of Washington. 29 Dec 1778= The British captured Savannah, Ga. Thus they began their "southern strategy" by returning the war to SC and Georgia with the mistaken notion that a majority of that section held latent Royalist sentiment. 31 Jan 1779= British Colonel Archibald Campbell occupied Augusta unopposed by General Andrew Williamson who was prepared to meet him on the SC side of the Savannah River. Williamson force consisted of 800 militia. Commentary: From Augusta preparations were made to recruit from and attack into NW South Carolina. Parallel to this were the British efforts into Wilkes County, Ga. This recruiting was brutal because the assumption was that anyone who did not join the Loyalist deserved to be hanged, which proceeded accordingly. Wilkes Country Militia leaders lacking manpower to deal with these atrocities appealed to South Carolina for help. Col. Andrew Pickens marched to near Augusta to assist the Wilkes County patriots. John Mangum (almost 16) was with this contingent of troops on his first tour of duty. TIME LINE: 3 Feb 1779= Battle of Beaufort, SC: This was the thwarting of a British flanking movement in the contest waged between the Americans at Charleston and the British from Savannah, with Charleston being the goal sought by the British. American success at Beaufort stimulated militia volunteerism throughout SC. Based on John Mangum’s affidavit he was already on his first tour of duty. Late Dec 1778 or Jan 1779 – Mar 1779= (1st tour) John Mangum (almost 16), as an old man in 1832, seeking to qualify for a government pension for Revolutionary War service, presented in court an affidavit concerning his six tours of duty. These statements are interspaced in this timeline to show when and where he participated. = “About December 1778 or January 1779, I volunteered in Captain Joseph Hayes' Company, Lieutenant James Waldrop, Ensign Gillespie, in the Regiment commanded by Colonel James [Henderson] Williams, that I served three months, that at the time of me entering the service I resided in Newberry District in South Carolina when I entered the service, that I marched from this place to opposite Augusta, Georgia. I served with a company of Independent Regulars commanded by Captain [Samuel] Moore, Lieutenant Thomas Prince, no other regulars with said regiment I know Moore and Prince The British left Augusta in the night General [John] Ashe of North Carolina pursued and had a fight while we were at opposite Augusta, the Tories rose and many were taken prisoners by Major Andrew Pickens and brought to us where they stayed while we guarded them and later took them to court at court [in Ninety Six] the prisoners were tried five Tories were hanged and the others discharged. After which I was discharged in March 1779 after having served three months. I did not receive a written discharge.” Time Line: 13 Feb 1779= John Ashe arrived opposite Augusta with 1200 NC Militia to join Andrew Williamson with his 800. This caused Archibald Campbell to withdraw from Augusta. Commentary: In John Mangum’s first three month period of military enlistment he volunteered to served in Joseph Hayes’ Company under Col. James Henderson Williams’ SC Regiment of Militia. The overall Commander of SC state militia was Brigadier General Andrew Williamson. Williamson’s position as colonel was given to James Henderson Williams when he was promoted to Brigadier General. Mangum was insistent in distinguishing between “volunteering” and “enlisting”, meaning the difference between local militia and regular Continental Military. In Mangum’s affidavit concerning his first military tour he referred to the events surrounding the battles of Kettle Creek, Ga., 14 Feb 1779 and Briar Creek, Ga., 3 Mar 1779. He participated in forcing the British under Col. Archibald Campbell to their first evacuation of Augusta. Campbell had taken Augusta (29 Jan 1779) as part of the British successful effort to reoccupy Georgia just before they took Charleston in May 1780. Mangum’s first enlistment expired just about the time Campbell overwhelmed his pursuer, North Carolinian John Ashe, at Briar Creek, Ga. [3 Mar 1779]. Mangum made comment about Ashe’s pursuit but does not say he was present at that event. He said that he was involved with guarding Tory prisoners, five of whom were hanged, at the time or shortly after Ashe’s pursuit and tragedy was unfolding. These executions are another indication of how this conflict was evolving in SC into civil war, and not just as revolution. Mangum does not appear to have been involved at either of these fights (Kettle or Briar) but was a close observer of both. These events bear directly on his first tour of duty, and thus must be traced. Savannah fell to the British on 29 December 1778 and they moved on to Augusta. Mangum (almost 16) was watching this from his home in Newberry, SC and likely volunteered just before the British were turned back in an attack on Charleston at Beaufort. His unit immediately marched for Augusta, just across the Savannah River from SC, a distance of 70 miles from Newberry. From Augusta the British sent recruiters into western SC and eastern Georgia testing their theory that in this region a large proportion of the population remained loyal to the Crown. The recruiting was fairly successful, especially in northwestern SC. As these Tory recruits moved toward Augusta there was considerable pillaging, plundering and murder on their neighbors creating a reaction among those taking the Patriot side. It was this body of nearly 600 Tories making their way toward Augusta that was intercepted by Col. Andrew Pickins and Elijah Clarke, resulting in the significant Battle at Kettle Creek. The Patriots won, scattering and capturing hundreds of Loyalists before they could reach the safety of Augusta, which in fact the British had already decided to abandon. Mangum’s observation concerning the presence of Andrew Pickins is accurate because Pickins’ six month parole period is future from this event. Mangum appears to have been involved in marching the captured Tories back into SC, where about seventy were tried and condemned, resulting in five being executed by hanging for war crimes; the remainder were pardoned. Kettle Creek is significant because the raising of the Tories, as Mangum put it, and the resulting battle, capture, trial and hanging as war criminals, set the tone for the Revolution being pure civil war in SC. Mangum’s observation concerning the British evacuating Augusta and being followed by General Ashe is also significant. Mangum here referred to the Battle at Briar Creek (3 Mar 1779), in which NC Militia General Ashe allowed himself, the pursuer, to be encircled and destroyed, for which he was court marshaled. The significance of this is that the British remained in control of Georgia, from whence Charleston, in connection with the British fleet, fell the following May. TIME LINE: 14 Feb 1779= Battle of Kettle Creek: Patriots win. Commentary: Mangum’s military service is so entwined with Joseph Hayes, James Henderson Williams, Andrew Williamson and Wm Cunningham that a brief summary of these must be included to understand Mangum’s experiences and observations. James Henderson Williams was born in Hanover, Virginia 10 Nov 1740 and he married a Mary Wallace in 1762. [Mary Clark Wallace Williams Caldwell as per Find A Grave.] By 1773 Williams had settled on the SC frontier along the Laurens and Newberry, SC county line, near Ninety Six, where he established a farm and mill. Here he became a Militia officer. With the fall of Charleston (May 1780) and Governor John Rutledge fleeing the state for Salisbury and Hillsborough, NC, the SC back country degenerated into civil war between Patriots and Loyalists, each confiscating the other's crops and livestock, burning homes, and hanging as traitors those who had the misfortune to fall into their opponent's hands. This civil division had been brewing for some time and can be illustrated by noting that Williams, after having been elected twice to the SC Provincial Congress in 1775, was defeated in 1778 by Robert Cunningham, a member of one of the most distinguished /notorious Tory families in the SC back country, in the first senatorial election of the new state. (Robert Cunningham was a cousin to William Cunningham, who must presently be introduced in this time line.) When the Newberry District Militia split between Tories and Patriots, Williams was made Lt. Col. of the Patriot side. Following the fall of Charleston in 1780 the Tory were emboldened and went after their neighbors. In the wake of Briar Creek, Augusta was immediately reoccupying by the British. Time Line: Mar 1779= Second Continental Congress approved John Laurens notion to propose to SC the military enlistment of Slaves with promise of freedom after the war. Commentary: Congress authorized the younger Laurens to go South to present his plan and to get approval from political leaders in SC. Returning to SC, Laurens secured election to the SC legislature and for the next three years presented this plan to the governor, privy council and legislature with absolutely no success. This notion originated with John Laurens in letters to his father, Henry Laurens, an early president of the Congress. The increasingly desperate situation developing in SC and her appeal for military aid that Congress was unable to provide was the stimulus behind this idea. 10 Mar 1779= Prisoners, taken at Kettle Creek and others (totaling abt. 150) surrendering to Gen. Andrew Williamson’s militia, arrived at Ninety Six guarded by Col. James Henderson Williamson’s regiment, including John Mangum. Commentary: General Williamson was insistent that a certain number of these captives be made an example, to intimidate others from preying on the Patriots. Between 22 March and 12 April approximately 25 were put on trial with 20 sentenced to death. On 19 April, the day the hangings were to take place a writ of habeas corpus originated by SC Governor Rutledge arrived, postponing the executions. The condemned were moved to Orangeburg where they became the objects of a contest between the British and Americans. The Patriots side of this argument was enunciated by Gen. Williamson: The condemned had “wantonly plundered the honest and industrious inhabitants of this state” and had been delivered up to and condemned by civil law, placing them beyond military justice. Apprehensive as to where these threats and counter threats might go in light of the invasion starting at this moment from Savannah, all but five of the condemned were reprieved. Moved back to Ninety Six, executions proceeded for Charles Draper, John Anderson, James Lindley, Samuel Clegg, and Aquilla Hall. In the wake of Briar Creek, Augusta was immediately reoccupied, where Col. Thomas “Burnt foot” Browne in command retaliated these executions by hanging some of his Whig prisoners. TIME LINE: Apr 1779: The Americans from the lower Savannah River launch toward Augusta, countered by a British invasion of SC from Savannah aimed at Charleston. 11 May 1779= British Gen. Augustine Prevost having devastated lower SC in his march from Savannah, demanded surrender of Charleston. Commentary: Charleston and SC authorities, angry at the suggestion from congress concerning John Lauren’s slave arming scheme, proposed the City be allowed to go neutral and have SC’s status decided at the end of the Revolution. This proposal was ignored by Prevost, and became obsolete when temporary rescue efforts prevailed. 20 June 1779= Battle of Stono Ferry: Commentary: Stono Ferry is located twelve miles west of Charleston, on the river separating James Island from John’s Island. Williamson’s militia was present; John Mangum probably was not. This engagement was against a British rear guard left behind as the main force withdrew by water after an attack on Charleston, launched from Savannah. Benjamin Lincoln’s Continental Army had moved from a position near Savannah toward Augusta and then rapidly toward Charleston when he learned that that major target was under attack. This brought on the engagement at Stono Ferry. The fighting was sharp, indecisive and notable for the death from heat prostration of Andrew Jackson’s older brother, Hugh. 9 Oct 1779= Siege and bombardment of Savannah for several weeks. This was part of the contest launched by each side either from Savannah on Charleston or visa versa. Andrew Williamson was here as also was Lt. Col. John Laurens, son of Henry. Laurens commanded an infantry regiment in General Benjamin Lincoln's failed assault on Savannah. May - June 1780 (Mangum’s affidavit concerning his 2nd tour of duty, 17 years old)= “Early 1780- I again volunteered and marchedfrom Newberry District in South Carolina to Augusta, Ga.; thence three or four miles to Cup Board Creek camped there two months under Colonel Robert McRory (McCrary) in the company commanded by Captain John Griffin. While we lay at the Cup Board Creek we received news that the British had taken Charlestown [May 1780]. When I got home, the British were spread over the country. After having served in this tour two months I was discharged.” 29 Mar –12 May 1780= Charleston, SC, along with Benjamin Lincoln’s entire Continental Army, was captured by the British after a month-long siege. Commentary: No greater tragedy befell the American cause in the Revolution than the fall of Charleston. The terms of surrender of Charleston allowed resistors to British rule to take a parole and remain neutral for the remainder of the war. But just prior to Sir Henry Clinton returning to NY, leaving in command Lt. General Charles, Earl Cornwallis, he, thinking opposition in SC had been thoroughly crushed, altered the terms of surrender and parole. John Laurens was surrendered with Lincoln’s army, but as an officer was paroled and sent to Philadelphia where he visited with his father just prior to the Senior Lauren’s departure as ambassador to the Netherlands. 16 May 1780= General Andrew Williamson announced to his officers and militia at Cupbroad Creek near Augusta that Charleston had fallen and that General Benjamin Lincoln had surrendered his Continental Army. John Mangum was present at age 17. Commentary: In great despondency Gen. Andrew Williamson and his officers met with Georgia officials to determine what should be their course of action in light of the fall of Charleston. Nothing definite was decided. The militia was discharged (including John Mangum) and the officers reconvened at Whitehall, Williamson plantation just west of Ninety Six, (Present day Greenwood County, SC), where a majority voted to seek terms of surrender and parole similar to that given the Patriot army at Charleston. Those surrendering and taking parole included Williamson and Andrew Pickins. This meeting ended on a very disharmonious note. At Charleston one of the officers surrendering and taking parole was SC state Senator Isaac Hayne. Time Line: 29 May 1780= Battle of Waxhaws; also known as Buford's Massacre. This took place near Lancaster, SC against Patriots entering SC just before the fall of Charleston, now retreating out of SC. They were overtaken by Banistre Tarleton and slaughtered as they tried to surrender. With this defeat, the last organized American resistance in SC was ended. This battle led to an intensive propaganda campaign by the Patriots to bolster recruitment in local militias and incited resentment because it played out in accordance with the brutality encouraged by the failed peace commission of 1778. Early June 1780= James Henderson Williams’ Plantation, Mount Pleasant, was confiscated by Tories in their ascendancy following the fall of Charleston. Williams, seeing the directions of things had previously moved his wife, children and slave property into North Carolina. 3 June 1780= General Henry Clinton, conqueror of Charleston, revised his position on parolees. Commentary: Rather than the British ignoring those who had taken paroles with intent of sitting out the war, they now were compelled to swear an oath of loyalty or allegiance to the Crown and participate in restoring rule by the King or be regarded as enemies of their country. (Again we see a direct reaction to Congress’ rejection of the 1778 peace overture.) The period of quiescence following the fall of Charleston was shattered. It is estimated that nine tenths of Patriots reacted negatively to the alteration of the parole agreements. (It is probable that John’s Mangum’s brother William was one who accepted parole, making him a sometimes Tory.) Cornwallis soon began requiring participation from those who had taken paroles on threat to their families and property. General Andrew Williamson, the leading military figure remaining in SC, and Col. Andrew Pickens had agreed to stop fighting and had received paroles. Altering the terms of the parole eventually moved Pickins to take up the Revolutionary cause once more. Not so for Williamson. His plantation, Whitehall was the most prestigious in the Ninety Six region, and to protect it he took parole and appears to have cooperated with the British just short of taking a commission in their army. At this point the Tories reasserted their dominance in the SC backcountry and James Henderson Williams, who had not taken parole, moved his family to NC. Wm Cunningham enlisted as a private soldier, this time in his cousin Patrick Cunningham’s Loyalist Regiment. Closer to Charleston changing parole parameters had an especial effect on Isaac Hayne. In good faith he had laid down his arms and retired to his home. When the alterations on parole began to evolve he found himself in Charleston to obtain medication for wife and children suffering from smallpox. Assured by the British assistant commander there that he could take the loyalty oath and still sit out the war, he subscribed. This business of parole evolution is likely why some members of the Mangum family maintain that some of their kin were some times Loyalist. 9 June 1780= Augusta was recaptured by the British after evacuation by Gen. Andrew Williamson in the aftermath of the siege and fall of Charleston. 12 July 1780= Hucks’ Defeat or the Battle of [John] Williamson’ Plantation, York County, SC. This was the first Patriot success after the fall of Charleston. Significance of this fight is that enlistments began to increase in the Patriot’s militia. By late July several hundred men had rallied to Thomas Sumter, including James Henderson Williams. Antipathy starts between Sumter & Williams. 1 Aug 1780= Battle of Rocky Mount= Loyalist withstood an attack by 600 American Patriots led by Colonel Thomas Sumter. Rocky Mount was an outpost 25 miles north of Camden established by British in the interior of SC for recruitment of Loyalist and harassment of Patriots. 6 Aug 1780= Battle of Hanging Rock (On head waters of Lynch’s Creek, a branch of Lynch’s River, NE of Camden)= Attacked by Thomas Sumter’s Militia. Americans won. Andrew Jackson (b. 15 March 1767) participated here as a 13 year old. 15 Aug 1780= Battle of Camden; tremendous defeat for the American Regular Army under Horatio Gates. Gates was leading Continental Regulars and Militia back into SC after the fall of Charleston. He had been the commander of the significant American victory at Saratoga. Commentary: The big picture of the British Southern Strategy: With the fall of Charleston and the huge American defeat at Camden, it appeared the British southern strategy was succeeding. Lord Cornwallis divided his forces roughly into three parts: his left flank under Patrick Ferguson, his right under Banestre Tarleton. With both flanks protected he moved with his main body of troops into Charlotte, NC. This division of forces is what makes the forth-coming battles of Kings Mountain and The Cowpens possible. Time Line: 18 Aug 1780= Battle of Musgrove Mill: Patriot victory. Commentary: This event is significant because the Patriot forces edging toward a showdown with Patrick Ferguson at Kings Mountain here defeated Ferguson’s rear guard, reducing his numbers for that coming contest. Because of James Henderson Williams’ distinguished leadership here, he was promoted to Brigadier General by SC Governor John Rutledge, notification of which arrived just at the time he went into battle at Kings Mountain. Elijah Clarke was one of the leaders at Musgrove. 18 Aug 1780= Battle of Fishing Creek= Thomas Sumter was surprised and devastatingly defeated by Banestre Tarleton. This event made Tarleton a British National Hero. Sumter’s disaster here coming on the same day as James Williams’ success at Musgrove certainly influenced Williams’ promotion and added to the antipathy between Sumter and Williams. 14-18 Sep 1780= First siege of Augusta led by Elijah Clarke; failed to take Augusta’s fortifications after occupying the town. Commentary: Loyalist reinforcements caused Clarke to retreat from Augusta, leaving 29 wounded, who were subsequently hung and generally slaughtered. In the wake of this failure at Augusta, Elijah Clarke led more than 500 people from Wilkes Co., Ga. through the mountains to Nolichucky and Watauga, Tennessee. These were family members of his Georgia Refugees who now faced the wrath of the British left in tact at Augusta. For seven days these Georgians tracked through the mountains to the communities whose male population at that moment were headed for a rendezvous at Kings Mountain. This business at Augusta and trek to Watauga and Nolichucky prevented Clarke and most of the Georgia Refugees from being at Kings Mountain. When they re-engage they will be involved on a raid at General Williamson’s plantation, Whitehall. Late Sept 1780= Daniel Morgan arrived at Hillsboro, NC to join Horatio Gates. Commentary: Dan Morgan was a first cousin to Daniel Boone, both of whom had been teamsters for Edward Braddock in the French & Indian War in 1755. At the beginning of the Revolution he was commissioned a Captain and served with Benedict Arnold at the invasion of Quebec. He was with Gates at Saratoga (Oct 1777), at Valley Forge (winter 1778), resigned 18 July 1779 over command & promotion issues; he re-entered the military after the disaster at Camden. Time Line: 7 Oct 1780= Battle of Kings Mountain. Commentary: The fight here was significant because the Patriots destroyed Patrick Ferguson’s Loyalist Militia, the Left Wing of Lord Cornwallis’s Army. Like Saratoga, a turning point in the American Revolution was reached. This battle marks the beginning of the unraveling of Cornwallis’ “southern strategy”, though no one could know that at the time. James Henderson Williams was mortality wounded here and died the following day. Williams had been commissioned a Brigadier General by Gov. Rutledge just prior to (or just after) Kings Mountain. He was replaced as Colonel by Joseph Hayes. From Find A Grave: “According to eyewitness accounts, Colonel James Henderson Williams was mortally wounded after the enemy raised the white flag of surrender and died the following day. John Mangum was not present, presumably due to expiration of his latest enlistment period. Accounts differ as to whether or not William Cunningham was at Kings Mountain. Some say he was in the vicinity but was unaware of the plight his side of this contest was in. Other accounts maintain that some Loyalists on Kings Mountain punched through the Patriot line, escaped and lived to fight another day. Regardless of this uncertainty, the reputation of William Cunningham as “Bloody Bill” is future from this event. It is at this point that Cunningham was promoted to Captain of Loyalist militia. 14 Oct 1780= Ten miles NE of Gilbert Town, NC, the retreating victors of Kings Mountain held a trial for certain of their prisoners. It seems that they had heard of recent atrocities committed by the other side (perhaps the hangings of the wounded left at Augusta?) and were making a statement of warning. Thirty-six were tried, convicted, and sentenced to hang. Three by three they were executed until the 4th set were on the verge of being hung, when of a sudden the hanging ceased, and the remaining 27 were pardoned and released. The nine executed were left dangling as a warning to Tories of the retribution that awaited bad behavior. Nov 1780= John Laurens was freed from his Charleston POW/parole status by exchange. Preparing to return to SC to continue his quest to organize a slave brigade, his plans were interrupted by appointment (Dec 1780) from Congress to go to France seeking a money loan and French naval participation in America. 3 Dec 1780= Nathaniel Greene took command of the Southern Theatre from Horatio Gates at Charlotte, NC, having been given command over all troops from Delaware to Georgia with authority, subject only to George Washington, making him second-in-command of the entire Continental Army. Greene had just completed an assignment up north, presiding over a court of enquiry regarding John André, (for whom see below.) 11 Dec 1780= Raid on Whitehall for purpose of capturing Andrew Williamson and Andrew Pickins. Commentary: For nearly half a year it had become obvious in SC that a huge majority of Patriots taking paroles were reentering the war. Thus a raid was made into the Ninety Six District led by General Benjamin Few of Augusta, Ga. With this raiding party were Col. Samuel Hammond, brother in law to Andrew Williamson, and Elijah Clarke, and some of the Georgia Refugees, recently having trekked to Watauga from Augusta. The purpose of this mission was to kidnap Williamson and Andrew Pickins and persuade them to reenter the war because the British had “violated their faith” by changing parole conditions. Williamson and Andrew Pickens were both taken into custody but demurred, insisting they would not violate their word of honor. Poor judgment by General Few led to a Loyalist rescue, resulting in failure of the mission. Shortly afterwards Williamson removed himself from Whitehall to his plantation, Horse Savannah, near Charleston where he could better be protected by the British. In this encounter Elijah Clarke suffered a shoulder wound, thought at the time to be fatal. Persuasion could not reclaim Pickins for the Patriots but this wound did! 12 Dec 1780= Engagement between NJ Volunteers under Lt. Col. Isaac Allen, including Maj. James Dunlap with his Tory Dragoons, between Long Canes and Ninety Six. Commentary: This event is significant because in it, Elijah Clarke received a serious wound. Subsequently Dunlap in looking for Clarke and knowing that he and Andrew Pickins had cooperated the previous year at Kettle Creek, went to Pickins home, thinking he may be there to recuperate. Not finding him, he in a rage terrorized Pickins family, destroying animals and property. Pickins was still honoring his parole, though he had for some time been urged by both Tories and Patriots to reengage in the war. This event along with the ever evolving conditions attaching to parolees brought him back to active participation. Early Jan 1781= John Laurens, with Thomas Paine set sail for France. Commentary: Thomas Paine had been the Secretary of the Committee of Foreign Affairs when Laurens was appointed to go to France. Though controversial on several levels, Paine was very inspirational in stimulating enlistment into the American Revolution. In 1776 he wrote: “These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated.” These words had come to Laurens’ attention at the time he was deeply in bracing the cult of sensibility as a student and both endeared Paine to him, as well as drew him to the Revolution at home. Their efforts in France secured the loan upon which the Bank of North America was founded, which ultimately did much to sustain American Revolutionary finance. 17 Jan 1781= Battle of The Cowpens. Daniel Morgan commanded the American forces here against Banestre Tarleton and conducted this battle as if it were a work of art. His tactics were the most brilliant of any in the Revolutionary war. Despite Mangum family members saying he was here, his service record does not indicate such. Mangum’s closest enlistment period to Cowpens was with Elijah Clarke, who also was not present at the battle atCowpens, which occurred within a month of his having taken a serious shoulder wound. Commentary: The Big Picture: From Charleston Lord Cornwallis moved north from Camden on to Charlotte, NC. He remained with his main force, protecting his flanks to his northwest by Patrick Ferguson (defeated 7 Oct 1780) and to his southeast by Banestre Tarleton (defeated 20 Jan 1781). When Ferguson was defeated at Kings Mountain, Cornwallis pulled back into SC from Charlotte to Winnsboro. At this point Daniel Morgan, in connection with Nathaniel Greene replacing Horatio Gates, entered northwest SC with Ninety Six and Augusta more or less in his sights. Tarleton set out after Morgan, who retreated northward. The British intent was to trap Morgan between Tarleton and Cornwallis at about Kings Mountain, and destroy him. However, Morgan paused his retreat at The Cowpens and thru unusual skill in using his Militia, in connection with his Regular Continentals and Cavalry, crushed Tarleton, who with only a handful of his troops fled the field with Lt. Col. William Washington and a handful of his dragoons in hot pursuit. A chase developed with Washington out in front of his hard riding troops. Of a sudden Tarleton and two of his officers turned and charged Washington, yards in the lead of his converging horsemen. A personal combat between the two leaders appeared to be developing. Washington stood in his stirrups, sword at the ready to receive the clash of horse and steel. In a flash a swing of his opponent’s sword broke Washington’s weapon at the hilt. Braced to defend himself with the stub of his sword, of a sudden his opponent, with sword at the beginning of a deadly arc, aimed at Washington, suddenly toppled from his saddle. A well aimed shot thought to have been fired by one of Washington African American troopers saved George’s second cousin. Tarleton then fired a pistol aimed, but not very well, at Washington, hitting his horse. Then ensued a sixteen mile chase, ending with Tarleton and 50 of his officers and men escaping, making their way to Cornwallis’s camp north of Winnsboro. Tarleton will remain with Cornwallis all the way to Yorktown, but was never able to regain his confidence. Thus between October and January both wings of Cornwallis’s army were defeated. Kings Mountain and The Cowpens are significant because they combined sucked the enthusiasm out of British Loyalist. Cornwallis understood that he could never regain that support as long as Greene’s army operated. He intended to destroy it, thus the chase to the Dan River. Interestingly after Daniel Morgan’s win at The Cow Pens, he began a retreat, which was a part of and coincided with Nathaniel Greene’s withdrawal clear into southern Virginia. Also of note after both Kings Mountain and The Cowpens, the victors returned to a rapid retreat, as if they knew how tactical these victories were and that they still faced mortal danger. Further, this pattern of winning and then running will continue, only in reverse, for the rest of the Revolution in the South. Strategically Greene’s run for the Dan on the southern Virginia border, will string Cornwallis away from his base of supply into country denuded of resources by his prey. TIME LINE: 10 Feb 1781= Daniel Morgan stricken with rheumatism left Greene’s command, not returning to SC. Mar – May 1781= John Laurens was in France as representative of Second Continental Congress where he negotiated a European loan for America and influenced naval aid for events future at Yorktown. 5 Mar 1781- Britisher John Watson Tadwell-Watson moved down the Santee River from Fort Watson (between Camden and Eutaw Springs) going after Francis Marion at the time Cornwallis was chasing Greene to the Dan River. Marion skillfully drove Watson into Georgetown and then quickly joined Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee (father of Robert E. Lee) to attack Fort Watson form whence Tadwell-Watson had left. Watson rejoined Francis Rawdon at Camden on 7 May 1781, too late for the fight at Hobkirk’s Hill (Camden) due to his long detour via Georgetown. 15 March 1781= Battle of Guilford Courthouse, present day Greensboro, NC. Greene returned southward from his retreat to the Dan River to confront Cornwallis at Guilford. In the chase to the Dan, Cornwallis had been drawn further from his base of his supply. At Guilford his army was both tired and hungry. Even so Cornwallis and the British technically won here, but strategically were severely damaged, leading to their movement toward the seaport at Wilmington, NC for resupply purposes. On this field of battle where he will take a serious wound was also William Lee, father of Samuel Chaffings Lee and grandfather to Alfred, Francis and Eli. (Wm, Sam & Francis are direct ancestors of Diane Lee Watson!) 26 Mar 1781= British forces were sent from Camden to attack Brigadier General Francis Marion's base at Snow's Island, located in southeast SC on the Great Pee Dee River. Marion was not present at this event because he was dealing with Tadwell-Watson. 5 Apr 1781= After following Cornwallis from Guilford toward Wilmington, Nathaniel Greene right turned at Ramsay’s Mill, NC and headed for Camden, SC April 1781= Death of Eliza “Betty” Tyler, wife of Andrew Williamson at Whitehall. Spring of 1781 (John Mangum’s affidavit concerning his 3rd tour)= “In the Spring of 1781, I volunteered and marched to Keoka Creek in Georgia, thence to Augusta and was at the [2nd] siege of Augusta in the company commanded by Captain David Harris, Lieutenant John Stutstill, in the Regiment commanded by Colonel Elijah Clark thence quit Georgia and went with the North Carolina troops to Ninety-six in South Carolina, thence went home after having served two months and being discharged no written discharge.” 15-23 Apr 1781= Attack on Fort Watson. Francis Marion joined Henry Lee to capture Fort Watson, located on the Santee River between Georgetown and Camden, just north of Eutaw Springs. Commentary: Henry Lee had been with Greene at Guilford, and they marched in pursuit of Cornwallis as he fled toward Wilmington. When Greene decided to right turn back into SC rather than pursue Cornwallis, as he made his way toward his eventual rendezvous at Yorktown, Lee guarded Greene’s left flank in case Cornwallis should come back from Wilmington into SC. This placed Lee in position to work with Marion. The action at Fort Watson marked the first step in Major General Nathanael Greene's intention to retake British outposts in SC. Fort Watson had been much weakened by battle losses, sickness, and detachment of troops sent to Georgetown. Watson rejoined Francis Rawdon at Camden on 7 May 1781, too late to take part in the battle of Hobkirk's Hill on 25 April 1781. After the fall of Ft. Watson Henry Lee, who also missed Hobkirk, moved into position for the siege of Ninety Six. 25 Apr 1781= Hobkirk’s Hill @ Camden. Tactically Nathanial Greene lost here, but we begin to pick up a pattern: Commentary: As at Guilford Courthouse, the British won on the field, but withdrew, this time moving towards Charleston where eventually they will be bottled up, but only after a detour via Orangeburg and Ninety Six. Greene observed after his defeat at Hobkirk’s Hill: “We fight, get beat, rise up to fight again.” A side note of interest is that14 year old future president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, was in a Camden District jail as a prisoner of war when this battle was fought. 11 May 1781= Orangeburg fell to Americans led by Gen. Thomas Sumter, but was reoccupied by British in early July 1781. 15 May – 6 June 1781= Siege of Augusta: Americansled by Gen. Andrew Pickins and Col. Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee. Lee was fresh from Fort Watson; John Mangum’s service record indicates he participated here under Elijah Clarke, who led his Georgians in this final recovery of Augusta. 8 June 1781= Lt. Col. Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee and SC militia under Gen. Andrew Pickens arrived from Augusta with about 300 prisoners. John Mangum was with this movement. 19 June 1781= Siege of Ninety Six: Nathaniel Greene successfully rid Ninety Six of Tories, who fled into Charleston. Loyalist reinforcements to Ninety Six caused Greene to withdraw from his 38 day siege rather than engage in a decisive action. John Mangum was present here at the end of this contest. 21 June 1781= Loyalist reinforcements under Lord Francis Rawdon marched to Ninety Six from Hobkirk via Orangeburg causing Greene to withdraw from his siege. Again the pattern is repeated: Tactically American loss, but strategically the British abandoned Ninety Six and retreat toward Charleston. William Cunningham, also at Ninety Six was also driven into Charleston with Loyalist refugees. Commentary: With things going so badly for the British, orders were issued for such parolees as Isaac Hayne to immediately rejoin the fight by enlisting in the British forces. Hayne considered this a violation of his parole, morally releasing him from all obligations to the British. He went to the American camp, and took a commission as colonel of a militia company. 5 July 1781= One time State Senator Isaac Hayne led a raid on which former Patriot General Andrew Williamson was taken captive. Commentary: By this point Andrew Williamson had moved from his plantation, Whitehall, near Ninety Six onto his plantation, Horse Savannah, nearer Charleston so British protection could be extended to him. Because of Williamson’s refusal to violate his parole and rejoin the Revolution and because of his co-operation with the British, he was by this time considered an arch enemy to the Americans. 4 Aug 1781= Patriot Isaac Haynes was executed by hanging at Charleston for violating his parole. Commentary: Hayne was captured by British troops after he led a raid in July 1781 on which former Patriot General Andrew Williamson was captured. This raid took place at the time Ninety Six was under its final siege, with John Mangum present. Every body, including Mangum, had to be aware of the drama surrounding Williamson. The British immediately rescued Williamson, taking Hayne prisoner. Hayne had taken a parole after Charleston fell in May 1781, which he violated after the British changed the rules. To intimidate others from violating parole, a military tribunal condemned Hayne to death and he was executed in Charleston. He was not yet 36 years old. This intimidation effort had an opposite effect and Americans swarmed into their militias. The British had made a martyr of Isaac Hayne. In correspondence after the war was over, Lord Rawdon, the British commander at Ninety Six when it was evacuated, (John Mangum being present, out side looking in), associated Hayne’s execution with that of John André. André had himself received a parole a year earlier in the war up North. His education and artistic abilities had brought him to the attention of top British commanders, and he was present at the fall of Charleston as aide de camp to General Henry Clinton and subsequently Adjutant General to Clinton’s Army. He was on scene in SC when Clinton began tampering with conditions of paroles. He returned to NY with Clinton, leaving Cornwallis to wrap up the South. Back in NY, André proceeded to correspond with Benedict Arnold, which in fact had started the previous May 1779. Arnold had decided to betray his country and was negotiating with André, with Clinton’s knowledge and direction, for the best deal he could get. It was in carrying out this business, which involved the surrendering of the military fort, West Point, that placed André in position for capture, with incriminating evidence on his person. (Arnold also revealed bits of info concerning Washington & Rochamboux’s intended float to Yorktown.) Because of what the British had done to Nathan Hale, André’s fate was sealed. (Executed by hanging 2 Oct 1780.) Rawdon’s correspondence connected Isaac Hayne’s execution to this business. It was tit for tat for tit. Time Line: Early Sept.= John Laurens arrived back in Philadelphia from France where he reported his mission to Congress and then moved rapidly to join Washington at Yorktown. 8 Sep 1781= Battle of Eutaw Springs, SC: Commentary: Eutaw Springs is located on the Santee River between Camden and Georgetown. The battle here was one of the hardest and bloodiest fought of the entire American Revolution and was the last major engagement of the war in SC. Americans lost 500; British losses were 700, the largest sustained by any army in a single battle during the entire Revolutionary War. This fight signaled the end and failure of the British southern strategy. After this Battle Harry Lee was sent to Yorktown where he arrived in time to witness Cornwallis’ surrender. The intent was for him to induce the French fleet to do in SC and Georgia what they had done at Yorktown. This French connection did not develop, but overland reinforcements did. This brought John Laurens back to his native SC. 17 October 1781= Cornwallis’ Surrendered at Yorktown after a three weeks siege. Under Cornwallis terms of parole, he was free to return to Great Britain on condition that he not engage in further military action against the United States. His army remained as prisoners of war until exchanged or paroled. 7 Nov 1781= William Cunningham’s “Bloody Scout” begins: Commentary: In Charleston Wm Cunningham was promoted to the rank of Major in the British Militia. Cunningham began his “Bloody Scout”, supposedly in retaliation to an order by Governor Rutledge requiring all Tory families be removed from the backcountry into British occupied Charleston. From info recorded in 1832 by John Mangum himself, it is possible to pinpoint with fair certainty his experience with William “Bloody Bill” Cunningham. The event took place at Hayes’ Station, on or adjacent to the Edgehill plantation. That plantation had been seized, apparently for military purposes by Joseph Hayes. The owner of that property was a Tory, Thomas Edgehill, who had been wounded in a 1775 encounter at Ninety Six. The massacre at Hayes’ Station (19 Nov 1781) took place after several significant events had already occurred, and in fact after the success of the Revolutionary War for the Americans had been determined, though that was certainly not as clear then as it is now. The events already passed include the Battles of Kings Mountain (7 Oct 1780), Cowpens (17 Jan 1781), Guilford Courthouse (15 Mar 1781), Hobkirk's Hill (25 April 1781), Eutaw Springs (8 Sept 1781), and Yorktown (19 Oct 1781). TIME LINE: 1 July – mid Nov 1781= John Mangum’s affidavit concerning his 4th tour of duty: “I volunteered about the first of July, 1781 and continued until the first or middle of November, 1781 at least four months in the Regiment commanded by Colonel Joseph Hayes (who was my Captain in the first mentioned tour), in the company commanded by Captain Laughlin Leonard and Lieutenant Isaac Tinsley was at the Battle at a place called Edgell's [Edgehill's] old field where and when Colonel Hayes and Captain Leonard were killed. I was taken prisoner and received a wound on my head from William Cunningham, one of the Tories. Commentary: William Cunningham, a cousin to Robert Cunningham who had defeated James Henderson Williams for a SC Senate seat, first entered military service in this Revolutionary period on the Patriot side. An altercation with his superiors over rank promotion and his subsequent punishment by a public whipping sent him tumbling to the Tory side. Some accounts have him at Kings Mountain, which is certainly not for certain. Eventually after the Revolution was all but over (i. e.; after Yorktown), for the British and they were bottled up in Charleston, Cunningham went fourth on what had been termed the “bloody scout”, which earned him the sobriquet “Bloody Bill”. On this venture Cunningham’s massacre at Hayes’ Station took place. Joseph Hayes had been a leader for John Mangum from his earliest military experience. Hayes, unlike John Mangum, was at Kings Mountain, and in fact had replaced James Henderson Williams as regiment Colonel, when Williams died of his wounds received there. Various accounts of Hayes’ Station Massacre have been recorded. They all generally agree that Hayes was at his station or tavern on or adjacent to the Edgehill plantation, which apparently Hayes had appropriated from Thomas Edgehill, a Tory who found himself on the wrong side at the time of the first encounter back in 1775 at Ninety Six. TIME LINE: 4 Aug 1781= Isaac Hayne’s executed by hanging at Charleston for violating his parole. Commentary: Issac Hayne is the perfect example of a Patriot caught between the evolving conditions of parolees. He was captured by British troops after he led a raid the previous July on which former Patriot General Andrew Williamson was taken. A rescue mission freed Williamson and captured Haynes. To intimidate other former Patriots from violating their paroles, a military tribunal condemned Haynes to death. He was not yet 36 years old when he was buried at his home near Jacksonboro, SC. The intended intimidation had the opposite effect. 7 Nov 1781= Major William Cunningham’s first massacre was at Cloud’s Creek, SC. Shortly after this Cunningham’s raiders visited and killed his old commander, John Caldwell, uncle to the later SC Senator and US Vice President, John Caldwell Calhoun. Some accounts date this event after Hayes’ Station 19 Nov 1781= Massacre at Hayes Station: This event is also called the Battle of Edgehill. Mangum’s service record says he was present here though other accounts of this event do not list him. Mangum’s service record says he enlisted into Cap. Laughlin Leonard Co., Col. Joseph Hayes’ SC Regt. for four months. Laughlin Leonard was listed as killed at Hayes’ Station, which confirms John Mangum’s presence there. Commenary: The story Mangum’s daughter, Lucinda Richey told of his capture by William Cunningham amplifies this event, (for which see FamilySearch entry for Lucinda Mangum, KWJB-ZB1, filed under her “Stories”, which is a transcript of an almost impossible to read newspaper clipping in which she recounted in 1896 her memory of what she heard her father say), as does also John Mangum’s own statement (for which see “Memories” in FamilySearch, filed under John Mangum, LLQ2-C82, which contains his 1832 court affidavit establishing his Revolutionary War record). These two documents are the basis for the Mangum family remembrances of their ancestor’s Revolutionary War experiences. In November 1781, William "Bloody Bill” Cunningham took over James Henderson Williams’ plantation house, Mount Pleasant, and moved James's widow, Mary, and her children to a barn behind the house, and apparently put fire to the house. It was smoke from this fire that Hayes and his entourage of about two dozen men were checking out when Cunningham surrounded them, driving them into a small block like fort. Hayes had replaced James Williams as Colonel after Williams’ death at Kings Mountain. With Hayes were two of James Williams’ sons, 18 year old Daniel and 14 year old Joseph, along with 14 other patriots including John Mangum and one William Irby (of whom more later). When the fight started Hayes and his group retreated into the blockhouse, which was quickly set on fire. Shortly afterwards they were smoke choked into submission. As they backed out their hands were tied behind them and they were affixed to a long rope, ostensibly to be marched to another location. Almost immediately they were strung up for hanging while the deadly work of sword hacking proceeded. The first two to be executed were Hayes and the older Williams boy. When the younger brother questioned Cunningham what he should report to his mother, Cunningham slashed him to death. The Mangum descendants have told various versions of his experience, most commenting on the wound he received and the scar he carried the rest of his life. Mainly the versions agree with each other, in that Mangum and the other prisoners were bound together, placed on each side of a log, when the sword hacking began. Lucinda Mangum Richey indicated that her father’s life was spared because Cunningham was acquainted with Mangum’s brother who was sometimes a Tory and that his wound was inflicted by another Tory after Cunningham had set him free. This study concludes that Mangum was indeed present at Hayes’ Station, and this is where he received the wound, the scar of which his descendants all spoke about. The major error in the retelling of this event seems to have been attributing his wound as coming at The Cowpens. Evidence suggests he was not there. One version of Mangum’s experience at Hayes’ station represented him as thinking his life was spared because of his youth. Another suggests the animal skin cap (coon skin?) he wore caused the death intending blow to glance off his head, leaving a deep life long scar rather than death. Each of these versions can be read and evaluated as to accuracy of detail. The site of the Hayes’ Station Massacre on Edgehill Plantation is today located in Clinton, Laurens County, SC. A mass grave marks the site where these American patriots were hacked to death. TIME LINE 14 Nov 1781= British evacuate Wilmington; arrive by water at Charleston. 1 Dec 1881 - 1 June 1782= Mangum’s affidavit concerning his 5th enlistment: “In December 1781 I enlisted for six months in the company commanded by Captain Joseph Towles, Lieutenant John Satterwhite, Ensign James Carson at Salunda [Saluda] River in Newberry District in South Carolina in the South Carolina line, the colonel not known to me [very likely Samuel Hammond] went and built a blockhouse at Anderson's Mill in Edgefield District, South Carolina, scouted when necessary, stayed six months I was discharged on the 1st of June 1782, by Captain Joseph Towles, but my discharge has been lost or destroyed.” Commentary: This period of Mangum’s duty is so close to the massacre at Hayes Station that his wound received there could not yet be healed. 1 Dec 1781= American forces, led by General Nathanael Greene, advanced on and captured the town of Dorchester. This was a colonial town, 18 miles northwest of Charleston, settled in 1696, making it the 3rd oldest in SC. The town was on the upper Ashley River at the head of navigation, protected by a fort over looking a significant bend in the river. The fort was occupied by the British in 1780 when Charleston fell. They held it until 1781 when Greene drove them out. Thus the last British outpost was forced back into Charleston. The British burned the town and most of the residents evacuated. Eventually the town was abandoned, being succeeded by nearby Summerville, located on a better-drained piece of land. 7 Dec 1781= Incident at McCord’s Creek in which the happenings at Hayes Station were meant to be extended to Andrew Pickins. Commentary: This event led by Loyalist Captain John Crawford, was a spin off from Wm Cunningham’s “bloody scout” with intent to do to Andrew Pickins what had been done to Joseph Hayes and John Caldwell a few days previously. Pickins was away from his home (blockhouse) but his brother, John, with a company of supply wagons, was captured. The raiders escaped into Cherokee country with their captives where they, including John Pickins, were turned over to the Indians for death by torture. Andrew Pickins was especially wanted by the loyalist because at the fall of Charleston he had taken parole, only to violate it when the British changed its conditions. When the attacks on John Caldwell, Joseph Hayes, and Andrew Pickins are considered together, the conclusion is inescapable that the “bloody scout”, coming as it did after the outcome of the Revolution was all but determined, was a British Tories attempt at spiteful terrorism designed for revenge and demoralization purposes and is connected to British intent following the rejection of their 1778 peace efforts to change the tone of the war. Time Line: 4 Jan 1782= Wilmington, NC having been evacuated in November, the British in the South were now confined to Charleston and Savannah. 13 – 14 Jan 1782= Lt. Cols. John Laurens and Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee attempted an invasion of John’s Island, southwest of Charleston. To keep pressure on the British food-supply center on Johns Island, Gen. Greene moved his army east to St. Paul’s Church near Stono Ferry, to support Laurens’ and Lee’s abortive invasion of Johns Island. Commentary: Early in 1782 General Andrew Williamson, living at his plantation, Horse Savannah, just inside the British lines north of Charleston, having come there following his attempted kidnapping at Whitehall, having survived a second capture, this time by Isaac Hayne, and seeing the direction of the war, i. e., the loss at Yorktown, and in general the British being bottled up in Charleston, with their outposts abandoned, and they desperately scourging the land to prevent starvation, decided to offer his services again to the American side. He did give military aid! Exactly how these arrangements were made is lost to history, but it is pretty certain that John Laurens, coming home to SC after Yorktown became Williamson’s contact with the Americans. It is for certain that Laurens had opportunity for contact with this old family friend. We do know that Laurens organized and operated a network of spies for General Nathaniel Greene, which fed British movements in and out of Charleston to the Americans. It was such a tid bit of such spy type info obtained in August 1782 that sent John Laurens back into battle for the last time. 18 Jan 1782= By this date the SC General Assembly, meeting at Jacksonborough, 32 miles west of Charleston, had a quorum of both houses, and thus had reestablished the constitutional legislature of SC. Commentary: Nathaniel Greene had taken a position near Dorchester on the main Charlestown Road to protect the legislature which was meeting near Jacksonborough. When he moved to Bacon’s Bridge over the Ashley with his army, he was joined by John Mangum. Greene was now within the British 35 mile perimeter, almost to the point from which the siege of Charleston could take place. At this time Gov. Rutledge began to reassemble the legislature and to issue conditional pardons to Tories. Hundred applied, and Andrew Williamson considered this, only to be dissuaded by John Laurens because of Williamson’s unique position as a supplier of sensitive information. When the legislature organized itself, they began debate on how to fund their military’s operations by confiscation of Loyalists property in the state. On their list of British supporters was General Andrew Williamson in a category labeled “obnoxious persons”. It is for certain that Williamson had not taken a British commission as a military officer, but his resistance at coming back to the Patriot side, and especially the hanging of his second kidnapper, Isaac Hayne, meant his property was in jeopardy. What the General Assembly did not know, but one of its members, John Laurens did, was that Williamson was feeding valuable information to General Greene. Laurens was uniquely positioned in his two roles: As a military officer he was Nathaniel Greene’s spy master and as a member of the Legislature he was on the Confiscation Committee! At the proper moment his testimony would rescue Williamson. In the popular mind Williamson was the “Benedict Arnold of the South”! 22 Jan 1782- Cornwallis arrived back in England. Ultimately his parole status was adjudicated in exchange for Henry Laurens’ release from the Tower of London. Commentary: Henry Laurens’ story is fascinating. He was a wealthy plantation owner in SC, sent to the 2nd Continental Congress, which became the directing authority for the Americans in the Revolution. Laurens was selected as president of that body. Shortly after the British occupied his native SC, (May 1780) he was appointed minister to Holland (Aug 1780) to where he was in route when captured (Sep 1780), taken to England, and put in prison for eighteen months (Oct 1780). Efforts were made to exchange him for General John Burgoyne of Saratoga notoriety, which efforts came to naught due to petty politics (Nov 1780). He was a hot potato which the British could not handle. Once at a parole hearing the words “our sovereign lord the king,” were uttered in the proceedings, and he distinctly replied: “Not my sovereign!” When urged to write son John to dissuade him on his mission to France, on hint of threat to his own life, he replied: “My son is of age and has a will of his own. I know him to be a man of honor. He loves me dearly, and would lay down his life to save mine; but I am sure that he would not sacrifice his honor to save my life, and I applaud him.” When Cornwallis stumbled at Yorktown, the American negotiator for surrender was this son John! (Oct 1781) Catch the Irony? Cornwallis, the Constable of the Tower of London since 1770, who in effect held the senior Laurens captive, was himself the prisoner of Lauren, the younger! Almost immediately bail was granted in London (1 Jan 1781), treatment improved, and even though Laurens Senior was technically not a prisoner of war, he was treated as such and an exchange was arranged for Lord Cornwallis’s release from parole (27 Apr 1781). After his freedom was returned he was requested by the British to go to France and assist in concluding what came to be know as the Paris Pease Treaty, 1783. 31 Jan 1782= John Mathews replaced John Rutledge as Governor of SC. 2 Feb 1782= Proclamation issued by Lt. Gen. Alexander Leslie, Commander in Charleston, threatening severest punishment for any violation of parole or taking up arms against the Crown. 24-25 Feb 1782= British foraging raid routs Marion’s troopers NE of Charleston, (Wambaw Bridge and Tidyman’s Plantation) near Monk’s Corner. Marion was not present because he was attending the legislature at Jacksonborough as a Senator. This raid was typical of the war activity at this point. Independence for America was now assured, but geopolitics were delaying the inevitable evacuation of Charleston. From the American vantage point they had to have an operating government in SC. From the British stand point the world wide settlement being reached for at Paris would go better for them if they continued to occupy Charleston. The British were all but bottled up in Charleston with their Tory supporters and faced starvation. 1 Mar 1782= Georgia Patriot Col. Elijah Clarke and SC Brigadier General Andrew Pickens, in command of a sizable militia, attacked and destroyed numerous Indian towns in an effort to stop their attacks. Pickins had reason for wrathfulness with these Indians for they had tortured to death his brother, who had been turned over to them by John Crawford, leading a subgroup of the “bloody scout”. Commentary: Whether John Mangum was involved in this Indian warfare cannot be definitely known. But building blockhouses with which he says he was involved, and the area he mentioned, and the fact that the Cherokees were very much a part of the British Southern Strategy, suggest he was at least peripheral to this activity. When the British evacuated Savannah they took with them three hundred Indians, illustrating their ongoing Indian alliance issue. Not going with the evacuees was Lt. Col. Thomas Waters who continued to lead Tories, Indians and white savages, plundering the mountainous regions in northeast Georgia, spilling over into South Carolina. General Andrew Pickens and Col. Elijah Clarke assembled a militia force and moved to Cherokee territory. Because he was short of war making material, Pickens negotiated prisoner exchanges, informing the Indians with threats of destruction that the quarrel was not with them but with the whites among then. The Indians surrendered six of Waters’ men with stated intent to capture Waters, but he made his escaped into British Florida. Time Line: 4 Mar 1782= Resolution in the British Parliament effectively ended the American Revolution. Early March 1782= Lt. Co. John Laurens employed [enlisted?] former Gen. Andrew Williamson in the business of intelligence. 22 March 1782= Greene’s Army moved its camp north of the colonial town of Dorchester at Bacon’s Bridge over the upper Ashley River. 27 March 1782= British General Alexander Leslie in command at Charleston, and in deep distress because the city was under siege, requested a truce and permission to purchase food for his garrison and the inhabitants of the city. When Nathaniel Greene refused, Leslie resumed his armed forays to seize provisions. Numerous skirmishes occurred between the time of Yorktown and British withdrawal from Charleston. Essentially the war was over, but the British and their supporters had to eat. 1 July 1782= John Mangum’s affidavit concerning his 6th tour of duty: “About the first of July 1782, I substituted for William Sims for two months to go to Bacon's Bridge near Charlestown, South Carolina under Major [John] Ford, under the company commanded by Captain William Irby, but was discharged at the end of thirty days or one month - at that time the British were said to be in Charlestown.” Commentary: One clue in this enlistment is the place Bacon’s Bridge, which is located about twenty miles northwest of Charleston and crosses the upper Ashley River in the vicinity of Summerville, SC, which is just north of Old Fort Dorchester. General Nathanael Greene's Army was stationed at a cross roads about one mile from Bacon's Bridge. After Charleston fell to the British in May 1780, Dorchester became an outpost for British and Loyalist troops. In December 1781, American forces, led by General Greene, advanced on the town and the British were driven out of Dorchester. Of especial interest is Mangum’s captain, William Irby. Irby was from Virginia, a son of Joseph Lafayette and Mary Frances Carter Irby and had entered the Revolutionary War in 1776. He served a three-year enlistment period under George Washington in the northern theatre. He was at Brandywine (11 Sep 1777), Germantown (4 Oct 1777), Monmouth (28 June 1778) and Paulus Hook (19 Aug 1779. Discharged, he returned to Virginia, only to learn that his parents had moved to northwest SC, to where he followed, arriving just as the Revolution was coming to SC. He enlisted and was with his father and two brothers, Greaf and Joseph, Jr., at Hayes’ Station when Wm Cunningham attacked. He missed the massacre in which his people were killed only because he had gone to the spring for water just before the attack started. 11 July 1782= The British withdrew from Savannah and the Revolutionary war ended in Georgia. 27 Aug 1782= Battle of Combahee Ferry (about forty miles SW of Charleston) took place as a result of the British Army’s last major “rice raid” to Port Royal near Beaufort, SC. Some of the British were evacuating and had set sail for the West Indies, but needing food, made one last food raid. The Americans, including John Laurens were attempting to disrupt this raid. Here John Laurens, age 27, was tragically killed in an ambush that was ambushed. Whatever evidence Laurens could have provided to the legislature concerning Andrew Williamson’s espionage, he took to his grave. John Laurens comes thru the historical record as a sensitive but rather rash, maybe even foolhardy dare devil. Concerning his involvement at Brandywine Creek, the Marquis de Lafayette wrote of him: "It was not his fault that he was not killed or wounded; he did everything that was necessary to procure one or t'other." At Germantown he took a bullet wound to his shoulder, exposing himself to gunfire, while trying to burn British resistors out of a stone mansion. When General Charles Lee was court marshaled for his mistakes at Monmouth and criticized General Washington, young Laurens challenged the older soldier to a duel, slighting wounding him. In the siege leading to Charleston’s fall, Laurens was given an assignment in command of a defensive real guard, but found a way, to the consternation of his superiors, to engage in an attack, receiving another wound. In the final engagement of the last major battle, i.e.; Redoubt #10 at Yorktown, he, as a Lt. Colonel deliberately involved himself as if he were just a lieutenant. Finally at Combahee his death came when he should have awaited reinforcements rather than plunging recklessly to attack. Once his father has asked him what limit he placed on service to his country? His reply: "Glorious Death, or the Triumph of the Cause in which I am engaged." Perhaps here is an appropriate place to add a personal appraisal of what John Laurens attempted to do. No thoughtful person would disagree with Laurens sentiment when he wrote: "We have sunk the Africans & their descendants below the Standard of Humanity and almost render'd them incapable of that Blessing which equal Heaven bestow'd upon us all." Other people of his era doubted the wisdom of his efforts and resisted the arming of slaves, obviously out of fear, but some wondered vocally, even the possibility of the Caucasian and Negroid races ever living in harmony with each other. Two hundred plus years has shown that the nature of White and Black are not so different from each other, and all things allowed to remain equal, they can live together. But what slavery could not do to destroy race commonality, a modern welfare state dole system instituted and maintained for political election purposes can and all but has drawn distinctions that will yet destroy us. It is inaccurate to lay that distinction on race, for it is broader than that. The “something for nothing or free stuff” philosophy will necessarily destroy whatever society it takes a hold of, Black or White. Such a system will, almost in Laurens words, render any it captures incapable of those blessings equal heaven bestows. 17 Oct 1782= A treaty ending the Cherokee War was agreed upon, with the Indians surrendering land between the Chattahochee and Savannah Rivers. 30 Nov 1782= Because of Yorktown, peace commissioners were appointed by the warring parties who signed provisional articles. 14 Dec 1782= Last British troops evacuated Charleston, bound for Jamaica, England and New York. It is thought that Andrew Williamson helped facilitate the British uneventful withdrawal from that city. 22 Dec 1782= Nathaniel Green wrote to Gov. John Mathews recommending clemency for Andrew Williamson. In his letter he remarked that he made no judgment concerning Williamson’s earlier conduct, but only intended to show what Williamson had done to “extenuate his earlier offensives”. Greene maintained that Williamson had “faithfully served the Army; and has given generally the best information we have had, being very much in the confidence of the enemy . . . [His] good intelligence has prevented the waste of blood and treasure . . . Lt. Col. Laurens promised him on his acting with fidelity that he would recommend this case to the Governor and legislature . . . He was exposed to greater danger . . . over much greater duration than he could be in the discharge of his duty in common with other Citizens. . . .” 20 Jan 1783= Great Britain signed preliminary articles of peace with France and Spain. 28 Jan 1783= Andrew Williamson presented to the SC Legislature an assertion of his efforts to resist the British prior to the fall of the back country in the wake of the fall of Charleston. The legislature was going after his property at the insistence of some who felt themselves damaged by his collaboration with the British. 18 March 1784= Andrew Williamson spoke in his own defense before the Bar of the SC House of Representatives, using “charm and persuasion” to have his property removed from the confiscation list. He was mostly successful retaining all but about 12%, of his property. 20 Sep 1785= Williamson appears to have sold Whitehall to pay off fines and remaining debt after he had rescued all the property he was allow to retain. 21 Mar 1786= Andrew Williamson, age 56 died at Horse Savannah in possession of about 9000 acres of land in SC. For several years Williamson heirs petitioned the legislature to suspend/cancel the penalties levied against Williamson’s estate. Despite the legislature refusing to officially cancel the penalties it appears in fact that they were eventually allowed to fade from memory with out ever actually being paid. 1805= John Mangum moved from Newberry District, SC to Clinton Co., Ohio.