Ferdinand II of Aragon

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Ferdinand the Catholic

Portait by Michael Sittow

King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Naples

Reign 20 January 1479 – 23 January 1516

Predecessor John II

Successor Joanna

King of Castile and Léon

Reign 15 January 1475 – 26 November 1504

Predecessor Isabella I

Successor Joanna

Co-ruler Isabella I

Spouse Isabella I of Castile

Germaine of Foix

among others...Issue

Isabella, Queen of Portugal

John, Prince of Asturias

Joanna of Castile

Maria, Queen of Portugal

Catherine, Queen of England

House House of Trastámara

Father John II of Aragon

Mother Juana Enríquez

Born (1452-03-10)10 March 1452

Sos del Rey Católico

Died 23 January 1516(1516-01-23) (aged 63)

Madrigalejo, Extremadura

Burial Capilla Real, Granada, Spain

Signature

Religion Roman Catholic

Ferdinand the Catholic (Aragonese: Ferrando II, Spanish: Fernando II, Catalan: Ferran II; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon (as Ferdinand II), Sicily, Naples (as Ferdinand III), Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, Count of Barcelona, jure uxoris King of Castile (1474–1504, as Ferdinand V, in right of his wife, Isabella I) and then regent of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his reportedly mentally unstable daughter Joanna.

Contents [hide]

1 Biography

1.1 Acquiring titles and powers

1.2 Forced conversions

1.3 After Isabella

1.4 Legacy and succession

2 Issue

3 Ancestry

4 Heraldry

4.1 Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I)

4.2 Sovereign of Aragon

4.3 Lord of Biscay

5 Depiction in films

5.1 Films

5.2 TV series

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

Biography[edit source | editbeta]Acquiring titles and powers[edit source | editbeta]Ferdinand was born in Sos del Rey Católico, Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez.[1] He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid. Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful.[2] When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit referred to as España (Spain), the root of which is the ancient name Hispania. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown.[3] (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707-1715.)

Ferdinand the Catholic swearing the fueros of Biscay as their Lord at Guernica in 1476

Columbus soliciting aid of Isabella and FerdinandThe first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada (Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.[4]

The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree,[5] a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptized and convert to Christianity or to leave the country.[6] That document was signed with the defeated Moorish Emir of Granada Muhammad XII.[citation needed] It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon. 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas.

In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes — by a north-south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean.

Forced conversions[edit source | editbeta]During 1492 and beyond, Ferdinand did a lot more than just sponsor for Christopher Columbus's voyage.[7] Ferdinand violated the 1492 Alhambra Decree peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practiced by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition was King Ferdinand II. Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts in Granada alone, burning them. He also converted the Great Mosque of Córdoba into a church by inserting a chapel in the middle of the mosque.

Wedding portrait of King Ferdinand II of Aragón and Queen Isabella of Castile.The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive Kings of France over control of Italy, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504.

“ "The King of France complains that I have twice deceived him. He lies, the fool; I have deceived him ten times and more." --Ferdinand II of Aragón.[8] ”

After Isabella[edit source | editbeta]After Isabella I's death in 1504, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. Ferdinand II served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna supposedly mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom. Charles I (to later become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) became the King of Aragon in 1516, with his mother Joanna as Queen in name, upon Ferdinand's death.

Ferdinand disagreed with the policies and foreigness of Philip I. Ferdinand remarried to Germaine of Foix in 1505, the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. His hope was to father a new heir of Aragon, separating it from Castile, was not realized. It would have denied his son-in-law Philip I, and his grandson Charles I, from inheriting the crown and governance of Aragon. A son, John, Prince of Girona, was born, but died within hours. John was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon.[9]

Statue of Ferdinand in the Sabatini Gardens in MadridFerdinand also had children from his mistress, Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany of Cervera. He had a son, Alfonso de Aragon (born in 1469), who later became Archbishop of Saragossa, and a daughter Joanna (born in 1471), who married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías.

In the 16th century his son Alfonso de Aragon, who later became Archbishop of Saragossa in Aragon, found a hidden study under Ferdinand's palace containing over 400 documents written by Ferdinand. In these documents Ferdinand explained his general outlook on political power, and his true goals behind all his decisions during life as the King of Castile and Aragon. Also through these documents, Ferdinand wrote that during times of very complicated decision making he blindfolded himself to concentrate on the true matter of a situation, and not let other things 'cloud his judgment'.[citation needed]

In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the 'League of Cambrai'. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.

In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed first to the Crown of Aragon, but later on under the pressure of Castille nobleman, to the Crown of Castille. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.

Ferdinand II died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura. He is entombed at la Capilla Real or the Royal Chapel of Granada, in Andalucia. Isabella I, Joanna I, and Philip I are beside him there.

Legacy and succession[edit source | editbeta]

Ferdinand's tomb in La Capilla Real, in Granada

Ferdinand by an unknown painter, c. 1520s

Ferdinand the Catholic, by the "Meister der Magdalenen-Legende"Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective cosovereignity under equal terms. They utilized a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to their joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta (or monta tanto), Isabel como Fernando", ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever was, the crown power was centralized, at least in name, the reconquista was successfully concluded, the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid, a legal framework was created, the church reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.

In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Pincipaute of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King.[10][11] So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent).[12] Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him [13] as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.[14]

His grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire.

Issue[edit source | editbeta]With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had 7 children:

Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Prince Afonso, Prince of Portugal, but after his death she married his cousin Prince Emanuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Michael of Paz, Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy.

John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of King Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn.

Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of the Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). She was mentally unstable and was incarcerated by her father, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556.

Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal.

Anna died at birth (twin of Maria) [1482]

Catalina, later known Catherine of Aragon, queen of England, (1485–1536). She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I.

With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of King Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois) King Ferdinand had one son:

John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509.

He also had one illegitimate son, with Dona Luisa Estrada, daughter of Fernan Estrada, the Spanish Ambassador to England.[15]

Alonso de Estrada Duke of Aragon (1470-1530) In 1523 Upon arriving in Mexico he held the title of Royal Treasurer of Spain. He died at his estate near Vera Cruz, Mexico, and is buried at Mexico City, D.F., Mexico.

He also left several illegitimate children. With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had:

Alonso de Aragón (1470–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon.

Juana (1471 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías.

With an unknown mistress, he had:

Isabella(? – ?), Abbess of the Royal Convent of Our Lady Mother of Grace at Avila.

Ancestry[edit source | editbeta][show]Ancestors of Ferdinand II of Aragon

16. Henry II of Castile

8. John I of Castile

17. Juana Manuel

4. Ferdinand I of Aragon

18. Peter IV of Aragon

9. Eleanor of Aragon

19. Eleanor of Sicily

2. John II of Aragon

20. Alfonso XI of Castile

10. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque

21. Eleanor of Guzman

5. Eleanor of Alburquerque

22. Peter I of Portugal

11. Infanta Beatrice of Portugal

23. Inês de Castro

1. Ferdinand II of Aragon

24. Fadrique Alfonso, 1st Lord of Haro

12. Alfonso Enriquez, 1st Lord of Medina de Rio Seco

25. Paloma

6. Fadrique Enríquez, 1st Count of Melba and Rueda

26. Pedro González de Mendoza, 9th Lord of Mendoza

13. Juana de Mendoza y Ayala

27. Aldonza de Ayala y Ceballos

3. Juana Enríquez, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte

28. Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, 1st Lord of Aguilar

14. Diego Fernández de Córdova, 1st Lord of Baena

29. Maria Garcia Carrillo, 2nd Lady of Villaquirán de las Infantas

7. Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala, 4th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte

30. Pedro Suárez de Toledo, 2nd Lord of Casarrubios

15. Inés de Ayala y Toledo, 3rd Lady of Casarrubios del Monte

31. Juana Meléndez de Orozco, 2nd Lady of Pinto

Heraldry[edit source | editbeta][show]Heraldry of Ferdinand of Aragon

Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I)[edit source | editbeta]

1474–1492.

After the conquest of Granada.

With the arms of Granada.

1492–1504

Description The Arms quarter the arms of Castile and León with the arms of Aragon and Aragonese Sicily, the last combining the arms of Aragon with the black eagle of the Hohenstaufen of Sicily.[16]

Sovereign of Aragon[edit source | editbeta]

Coat of arms of Ferdinand II, in La Aljafería in Zaragoza.[16]

Common Design

1479–1492[16]

Version with supporters

1513–1516[16]

1474–1492

1492–1504

1504–1513[16]

1513–1516[16]

Lord of Biscay[edit source | editbeta]

Depiction in films[edit source | editbeta]Films[edit source | editbeta]Year Film Director Actor

1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc

1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó

1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson

1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck

1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada

1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips

2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé

TV series[edit source | editbeta]Year Series Channel

1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE

2004 Memoria de España TVE

2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl TVE

2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE

2013 The Borgias Showtime

See also[edit source | editbeta]History of Spain

List of monarchs of Sicily

References[edit source | editbeta]^ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. xiii

^ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 1-37

^ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 38-39

^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1983), 24. ISBN 978-0-8014-9264-8. Preview of cited page available on Google Books as of 10 March 2011. See also: Richard Fletcher, "The Early Middle Ages, 700–1250," in Spain: A History, ed. Raymond Carr (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1.

^ Michael C. Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2010), 158.

^ Bernard Lewis, Cultures in conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 35–6.

^ Bhuiya, Shahrir. "History Encyclopedia 2011".

^ Miles H. Davidson, Columbus then and now: a life reexamined, University of Oklahoma Press 1997, ISBN 978-0-8061-2934-1, p. 474.

^ De Francisco Olmos, José María: Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517), Revista General de Información y Documentación 13, 133–153, 2003. URL: L. Külső hivatkozások

^ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 137

^ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 299

^ Historia general de España; Modesto Lafuente (1861), pp. 51–52.

^ Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866), page 64

^ *********************************************

^ a b c d e f Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (2004) «Los Reyes Católicos», El escudo de España, Madrid, Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía; Ediciones Hidalguia. ISBN 978-84-88833-02-0

External links[edit source | editbeta] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ferdinand II of Aragon

"Ferdinand II", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

Ferdinand the Catholic

House of Trastámara

Born: 10 March 1452 Died: 23 January 1516

Regnal titles

Preceded by

John the Great King of Sicily

1468–1516 Succeeded by

Joanna the Mad

King of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca,

Count of Barcelona

1479–1516

Preceded by

Isabella the Catholic

as sole monarch King of Castile and León

1475–1504

with Isabella the Catholic

Preceded by

Charles the Affable Count of Roussillon and Cerdagne

1493–1516

Preceded by

Louis III King of Naples

1504–1516

Preceded by

Catherine and John III King of Upper Navarre

1512–1516

Titles of nobility

Preceded by

Charles of Viana Prince of Girona

1461–1479 Succeeded by

John of Asturias

Preceded by

John II of Aragón Lord of Balaguer

1458–1479

Duke of Gandía

1461–1479 Merged with the Crown

Preceded by

Juana Enríquez Lord of Casarrubios del Monte

1468–1479