United States Maps

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Maps can be used to locate the places where your ancestors lived. They identify political boundaries, names of places, geographical features, cemeteries, churches, and migration routes. Historical maps are especially useful for finding communities and political boundaries that no longer exist.

Genealogical information in various types of maps
To select the right kind of map to solve a genealogical problem, it is helpful to know what kinds of information each type of map displays.


 * Atlases are bound collections of maps. Historical atlases are especially useful because they tend to plot historic towns and landmarks more accurately than old maps do in relation to jurisdictional boundaries and geographic features.
 * Boundary change maps show shifts in borders of townships, counties, states and territories over time.
 * Census maps. Spelling errors by census takers often make ancestors hard to find. If you know your ancestor's address (or general area of residence in rural areas), census maps showing enumeration district boundaries can indicate where in the census rolls to search for the ancestor.
 * Chamber of commerce maps, which can usually be obtained for free from city and town chambers of commerce, show streets, government offices, courthouses, libraries, businesses, museum archives, and important landmarks.
 * City and town maps show detailed street information, addresses, rail and mass transit routes, and landmarks.
 * City and town locator maps plot a town and often give its coordinates so that it can be plotted in an historical atlas or map to determine the county, parish, or state in which it resided during a given year.
 * City plans often demystify the renaming of streets, parks, neighborhoods, and other features.
 * County, Parish, or Province maps show roads, cemeteries, landmarks, local boundaries, and physical features.
 * Fire insurance maps (Sanborn maps) of 12,000 cities and towns yield street names and specific properties and addresses starting in 1867. Using these with city directories can help locate urban ancestors in a given year.
 * Land ownership (cadastral) maps and plat books show boundaries of land plots, and usually the owners' names.
 * Military maps show extreme detail regarding geographical features, terrain, landmarks, natural resources, place names, and landmarks.
 * Railroad maps indicate preferred routes of travel during an era where the routes changed from one year to the next. These also aid in tracking the possible whereabouts of railroad employees since many railroads merged or changed names.
 * Topographic or geologic maps show terrain, natural resources (forests, mining resources), and features that affected travel (rivers, rapids, canals, mountains, mountain passes, canyons).

Atlases (and broad collections)
An atlas is a bound collection of maps. Historical atlases cover boundary changes, migration routes, settlement patterns, military campaigns, American Indian reservations, and the development of towns. Historical atlases are especially useful because they tend to plot historic towns and landmarks more accurately than old maps do in relation to jurisdictional boundaries and geographic features. Many county atlases show the names of landowners and are usually based on county plat maps (see Land and Property).


 * The David Rumsey Map Collection (free) contains an extensive online collection of historical atlases, maps, and other antique cartographic material. Downloads available.
 * The Library of Congress American Memory Collection (free) includes cities and towns, conservation and environment, cultural landscapes, discovery and exploration, general maps, military battles and campaigns, and transportation and communication.
 * The University of Texas Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection (free) has online state maps and atlases.
 * The Norman B Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library (free) is in the process of digitizing a significant portion of its 200,000 historic maps and 5,000 atlases. The collection's scope is the World, Europe, and America, with particular attention to New England, Massachusetts, and Boston from the 15th century to the present day.
 * HistoricMapWorks.com ($) offers over 800,000 online historic maps from the 18th and early 19th centuries at $0.99 per download. Searchable by place name, family name, or street address.
 * The Alan M. Voorhees Collection ($) at the Library of Virginia has maps, charts and atlases. The images online are thumbnails rather than usable copies, but larger prints can be ordered for a fee.
 * Some important atlases in book form are Atlas of American History, The American Heritage Pictorial Atlas of United States History , and The Shaping of America
 * Brick-and-mortar sources for atlases include historical and genealogical societies, public libraries, and university libraries.

Boundary Change Maps
To find records of an ancestor, it is necessary to learn the political jurisdictions that kept records in his area during the years he lived there. Town, county, parish, and state boundaries changed over time, so maps that show historical boundary changes help to quickly identify an ancestor's record jurisdiction.

On the Web

 * AniMap and SiteFinder are two mapping products integrated on CD-ROM which allow users to plot a town and draw county borders around it for any year. However, AniMap's historical county border maps are also available online at FamilyHistory101.com. Sitefinder Online allows users to plot a town (even an extinct town) and show it on Google Maps.
 * The US Census Bureau 2003 US State and County Boundaries Map. This is a map that shows the entire United States broken down into counties.  You can zoom in and read the county names, even counties in neighboring states.

Recommended Books

 * Maps of county boundaries as they exist today and as they existed in each census year through 1920 are shown in Map Guide to the U.S. Federal Censuses, 1790-1920 by William Thorndale and William Dollarhide. This source also includes helpful information about the availability of census records.
 * Maps of modern county boundaries are also in both The Handy Book for Genealogists and Ancestry's Red Book. These are available at most libraries and Family History Centers.
 * Maps and an index of townships and other present-day civil boundaries are in Township Atlas of the United States
 * Detailed maps and legal histories of county formations and changes are found in Historical Atlas and Chronology of County Boundaries, 1788-1980. The states included are Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
 * The published states of Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and Pennsylvania are found in the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries The Family History Library has this work, but each volume is cataloged separately.
 * The Original Cleartype Business Control Atlas, is a basic atlas that shows state and county boundaries, county seats, all places of 1,000 population or more, and some places with fewer than 1,000.

See also the Historical Geography page for further help on tracing the histories of counties and their boundaries.

Ward Maps
The Library of Congress has detailed ward maps of major cities. These show the census districts and political divisions of large cities. Valuable finding aids for City Ward maps is on microfilm found at the Family History Library.


 * Library of Congress Digitized Map Collection is a large online collection of digitized maps -- cities and towns, military battles and more.
 * Ward Maps of United States Cities A description of each map and a chart that shows which maps to use with each U.S. census is in: Ward Maps of United States Cities: A Selective Checklist of Pre-1900 Maps in the Library of Congress

Fire Insurance Maps

 * Sanborn maps ($) 1867-1970 have been digitized. This collection has more than 660,000 maps of 12,000+ cities and towns, and includes a map key.
 * Some Sanborn maps are also available in the Websites listed in the Atlases section in this page, as well as on some sites listed at Images of Early Maps on the Web (free) by Maphistory.info.

City/Town Locators (GPS Coordinates)

 * While the USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is not a map, it yields latitude and longitude, current county, and elevation for towns and many geographic features. These coordinates can be used to plot towns on a historic map.

Land Ownership (Plat) Maps
Government or commercial agencies have created numerous maps showing the names of property boundaries and land owners in an area. These are often called “cadastral” maps. They sometimes include other helpful details such as churches, cemeteries, and roads.


 * To access thousands of cadastral maps online, see the Websites listed in the Atlases section on this page.
 * An inventory of many of the land ownership maps can be found at the Land Ownership Maps: A Checklist of Nineteenth Century United States County Maps in the Library of Congress and in Land Ownership Maps
 * For more information about land ownership, see Land and Property.
 * Federal Land Patent Records and Associated Survey Plat Maps gives access to federal land conveyance records.

For further reading on land ownership, see Plat Map on Wikipedia.

Military Maps

 * The USMA Library's Special Collections and Archives has Civil War Maps, Colonial and Federal Era Maps, Maps of North America from the Colonial, Revolutionary and Federalist eras.
 * Battle maps Some maps used are from "Battle Maps of the Civil War" by: Harold J. Holmquest.

State Maps

 * The US GenWeb is a great resource for maps, including State and County Maps, the United States Digital Map Library and 67 maps from Indian Land Cessions in the United States.
 * The National Archives—Cartographic Branch and the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress have significant collections of a variety of maps, including land ownership, railroad, and fire insurance maps.

Topography
Topographical maps show physical and man-made features, such as creeks, hills, roads, cemeteries, and churches.


 * The United States Geological Survey offers highly detailed topographical maps online showing physical and manmade features in each section of the country, or quadrangle. These maps are also available at most university libraries
 * Topographic Quadrangles of the United States maps were originally published from 1884 to 1983. The maps are arranged by the name of the quadrangle within each state. States are not in alphabetical order. Use a state map to find the quadrangle number. Then find the number in the state's map list to learn the name of the quadrangle.
 * You can purchase copies of topographical maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior

Research helps

 * Images of Early Maps on the Web (free) by Maphistory.info links to collections containing tens of thousands of historic maps online. Organized by state.
 * The Guide to U.S. Map Resources is an excellent inventory of the map holdings of 3,000 libraries and historical societies.
 * The Map Catalog has information about maps and how to obtain them.
 * The Family History Library has a small collection of loose maps of historical value, and a fine collection of printed historical atlases. These are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:


 * UNITED STATES - MAPS
 * [STATE] - MAPS [STATE], [COUNTY] - MAPS
 * [STATE], [COUNTY], [TOWN] - MAPS.