Leech Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)

The Leech Lake Reservation is a federally-recognized reservation in Minnesota.


 * Established -- May 7, 1864
 * Agency (BIA) -- Leech Lake Agency (1874-1879) - White Earth Agency (1879-1899) - Leech Lake Agency (1899-1921) - Consolidated Chippewa Agency (1922)
 * Principal tribes -- Cass Lake, Pillager, and Lake Winnibigoshish (Winnebago) Bands of Chippewa
 * Population -- 2010 census including mixed bloods, is 5,157 - Indians make up 4,682 of the population (does not include non Indians)

History
Leech Lake Reservation was created on May 7, 1864. It is connected to Red Lake Reservation (that includes Nett Lake Reservation), White Earth Reservation, and probably Fond Du Lac Reservation. Nearly a decade earlier, the first (it was rejected by Pembina and Pillager Chippewa leaders) Leech Lake Reservation was established by Treaty of Feb. 22, 1855 (X, 1165); Executive orders, Nov. 4, 1873, and May 26, 1874 and an act of Jan. 14, 1889 (XXV, 642). Included also with the February 22, 1855 Treaty, were Mille Lac, Rabbit Lake, Gull Lake (adjacent to the old Menominee and Winnebago Chippewa Reservation), Pokagomin Lake, Sandy Lake, and Rice Lake Reservations. Three Pillager Chippewa Reservations were established (rejected by Pembina and Pillager Chippewa leaders). They were Cass Lake, Leech Lake, and Winnebagoshish (Winnebago Chippewa's) Reservations.

On May 7, 1864, the United States eradicated Mille Lac, Rabbit Lake, Gull Lake, Pokagomin Lake, Sandy Lake, and Rice Lake Reservations. As a result of the 1862 Minnesota Indian War, the United States created the new Pillager Chippewa Leech Lake Reservation. They actually enlarged the Leech Lake Reservation. Click this memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S; link to read the May 7, 1864 Treaty. Click on the Minnesota 2 link at the bottom of the page. It leads to a page of the Leech Lake Reservation created on May 7, 1864. It is the pinkish color area. It's larger than Chippewa National Forest. You'll notice it is in fact connected to White Earth Reservation and Red Lake Reservation.

On March 19, 1867, the United States became very corrupt. They conspired to relocate the Chippewa's from North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and all Indian Reservations in Minnesota including Dakota, except Red Lake Reservation, to the Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation (aka White Earth Reservation). What actually transpired was an agreement which created the very large Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation. It became formal on March 3, 1873, when the Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation was supposedly set aside within White Earth Reservation. Fond Du Lac, Leech Lake, Nett Lake, Red Lake, and White Earth Reservations were connected. The entire land area is the Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation.

In 1851, the Chippewa Agency was established. Then in 1872, White Earth Agency (it still went by the name Chippewa Agency) was established at White Earth Reservation. It served all Minnesota Chippewa's. In 1873 (the same year the Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation was created), Red Lake Agency was established which indicates Red Lake Agency was the actual agency for the Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation. A year later (1874), Leech Lake Agency was established. In 1878, the United States changed the name of Chippewa Agency to White Earth Agency.

In 1879, the United States consolidated Leech Lake Agency and Red Lake Agency, with White Earth Agency. Location may have been a factor in placing the Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation agency at White Earth. Population was probably a factor as well. Most of the Chippewa's who were relocated, moved to the White Earth District. A large Leech Lake Chippewa population including the Cass Lake, Lake Winnebagoshish, and Pillager Chippewa's, moved to the White Earth District for land allotments. After the 1898 Rebellion, a new Leech Lake Agency was established.

Leech Lake Chippewa's are descended primarily from the military and police totem of the Algonquin's. They are also known as the Pillagers. Nearly all of northern Minnesota was vacant of white settlements until after the 1887 Dawes Act and 1889 Nelson Act.

In 1889, the United States passed the Nelson Act which was passed to specifically eradicate the Minnesota Chippewa Reservations except Red Lake and a tiny part of the White Earth Reservation. Actually the large Little Shell Pembina Chippewa Reservation. It led to serious problems among the Minnesota Chippewa's, especially the Leech Lake Chippewa's. In the mid 1890's, the Chippewa's were planning some sort of secret military uprising. The United States found out and had the Leech Lake leader assassinated. However, chief Bugonaygishig took over and the short 1898 rebellion followed.

After the short war, the United States returned the Minnesota Chippewa Reservations and actually established the Chippewa National Forest which makes up almost the entire land area of the Leech Lake Reservation. Leech Lake Reservation is, thus, off limits or Protected. Except the extreme western part of the Reservation.

Throughout the large Reservation are as many as 40 small communities. At least 11 have official names. The remaining communities are located from just north of Cass Lake, south to near Walker, Minnesota. They are categorized as being parts of townships rather than a distinct community. However, nearly all have at least one area of a cluster of housing units which number from 10 to over 50. Leaders of the Reservation have to eventually follow their own rules and deal with each of these communities as a distinct community, instead of white counties having control over them.

They must issue a name for each of the communities and manage to financially support each one so they can accept jurisdiction over their communities borders or city limits. Sooner or later, these scattered Chippewa communities are going to have to come to the attention of the leaders of Leech Lake Reservation.

Throughout the Leech Lake Reservation are over 140 resorts which are owned by non Indians. And there are also many cottages owned by non Indians. The revenue generated by these resorts and cottages is mainly going to the whites. Reservation leaders must fight to receive most of the resort and cottage revenue. Most of the whites who live on Leech Lake Reservation probably are resort and cottage owners.

In 1900, the population of Leech Lake Reservation was 1,913. In 1930, the population of Leech Lake Reservation was 2,076. During that 30 year time period, the population of Leech Lake Reservation increased by only 166 or around 8%. It can be attributed to the 1898 Rebellion and forced relocation of the most war like Pillager Chippewa's, to White Earth Reservation. As of the 2010 census, the Indian population of Leech Lake Reservation is 4,682. When including mixed bloods it is 5,157.

Records
Land Records: Allotted land: 37,683 acres. Most of the land is not suited for agriculture. The forest the Reservation now has is a regrowth. In the 1890s, the United States nearly used the entire forest of the Reservation for construction and other purposes. The Reservation originally covered 677,099 acres. Nearly all remaining land is within Chippewa National Forest. Over 212,000 acres is waterways. Over 120,000 acres are wetlands. Compared with Red Lake Reservation, Leech Lake Reservation is probably a bit the worse off but overall Leech Lake Reservation is quite similar to Red Lake Reservation. They claim the United States government owns that portion of Chippewa National Forest within the boundaries of Leech Lake Reservation.

Treaty agreements tell otherwise. Then again, if you research the treaties you will discover discrepancies. In all, the government of Leech Lake Reservation owns over 630,000 acres of the 677,099 acres. Though it is thought the government of the United States owns most of the land area of Leech Lake Reservation, by treaty, the United States is suppose to recognize the government of Leech Lake Reservation as being in ownership. That means the United States is not following treaty guidelines. Control of the portion of Chippewa National Forest within Leech Lake Reservation, is actually controlled by the government of Leech Lake Reservation. Read treaty. Leech Lake Reservation is off limits.

Communities
Throughout Leech Lake Reservation are as many as 40 to 45 very small settlements. Nearly all have less than 20 housing units. And many of those have 10 or fewer housing units. Those Leech Lake Reservation communities which are cdp's, cities, towns and recognized settlement areas (their populations are not known and included under townships) by the government of Leech Lake Reservation and predominantly Indian, include:


 * 1) Cass Lake (city) 2010 population - 770
 * 2) Ball Club (cdp) 2010 population - 342
 * 3) Inger (cdp) 2010 population - 212
 * 4) Bena (city) 2010 population - 116
 * 5) Squaw Lake (city) 2010 population - 107
 * 6) Buck Lake
 * 7) Kego Lake
 * 8) Mission
 * 9) Oak Point
 * 10) Onigum
 * 11) Pennington
 * 12) Portage Lake
 * 13) Prescott
 * 14) Smokey Point
 * 15) Sugar Bush
 * 16) Sugar Point
 * 17) Winnie Dam