England Petty, Borough, and Quarter Sessions (National Institute)

Petty, Borough and Quarter Sessions
These courts had judges (magistrates) and dispensed summary justice (that is, without juries). Higher level courts had juries and tried indictable offences (Martin 1994).


 * A summary offence is one that can only be tried summarily, that it before magistrates. Most minor offences are summary, and in 1855 summary jurisdiction for criminal offences became possible.


 * A summary conviction is a conviction in magistrates court.


 * An indictable offence is a serious one that may be tried by jury in a higher court than petty sessions.


 * An indictment is a formal document accusing one or more persons of a specified indictable offence or offences.

Petty Sessions
Petty sessions were minor courts presided over by two or more magistrates (JPs) and have been held in some, but not all, counties since Tudor times. They were open courts trying lesser offences and enquiring into (summary trials of) indictable ones, and are now called magistrates courts or police courts.

However in London the Police Courts are called the Metropolitan Courts and deal only with criminal cases, whilst the petty sessions handle administration and other cases (Bird).

Petty crimes included such things as poaching, stealing turnips, cutting wood, neighbourhood disputes, drunkenness, begging, alehouses staying open after hours, evasion of turnpike tolls, apprentices absconding and abandonment of families, workhouse rule infringement, and maintenance of bastards (Cole 1998a).

Since the petty sessions met frequently, perhaps every two weeks, these local matters were dealt with quickly and at the grass-roots level. By the 19th century the numbers of settlement and bastardy cases declined, but more poaching and drunkenness occurred. There were also new cases such as non-attendance at school, and under-age employment, and then bicycles and motoring offences.

Records were kept by the clerk of the peace but survival of the 17th-18th century ones is not good, but occasionally a journal or private papers of a clerk of the peace or magistrate have survived and can be utilized instead. Petty session minutes are available at county archives and much has been filmed and can be found in the FHLC under COUNTY - PLACE - COURT RECORDS.

Some minutes have been transcribed and published, for example for the Surrey hundreds of Copthorne and Effingham 1784-1793 (Webb 1989), and the Marlborough, Wiltshire petty sessions (Cole 1998a). Indexes are appearing as well, for example for the Sevenoaks, Kent petty sessions 1812-1850.

Borough Sessions
The equivalent of the hundreds’ petty sessions for the boroughs, which were towns administered by a corporation and having privileges confirmed by royal charter of defined by statute, were the borough sessions. The mayor of a corporation was normally the ex officio Justice of the Peace for the borough. The situation is variable in different places, though, since there may have been several courts operating within one borough, each with its limited purview, such as a manorial court leet, a mayor’s court, a court of orphans, of conscience and requests, one for gaol delivery and a pie-powder (market) court all in addition to the Sessions of the Peace.

In the borough of Great Torrington, Devon the 1769 sessions are confusingly called the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and Leet and Law Day of our Lord the King. Presiding were John Coplestone mayor and Daniel Johnson justice, with two aldermen (John Palmer and Isaac Williams), two capital burgesses (Thomas Moore and Theophilus Heles) and the steward Thomas Bolton in attendance.

Fourteen jurors were listed and sworn and a motley assemblage of cases were heard, for example:

Quarter Sessions
King’s Lynn, Norfolk borough sessions in 1838 are called the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace and of Gaol Delivery and contain:

Borough court records
Borough court records may be found at the town hall, often with no full-time archivist in charge of them, but many have been deposited at the county record office or county library. On the FHLC look under COUNTY-PLACE-COURT RECORDS. Other examples of filmed borough court records include:


 * Newport, Hampshire 1518-1809 on three films starting at.
 * Lostwithiel, Cornwall 1627-1884 on

Some transcribed and indexed records are available as well, for example:


 * Depositions relating to Americans 1641-1736 in the Lord Mayor’s court of London by Coldham (1980).
 * Portsmouth Borough Session Papers 1653-1688 by Willis and Hoad.

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