England Land Tenure (National Institute)

Holding And Tenancy Of Land
In Britain all land is ultimately owned by the crown, by right of conquest by William I, but over the years most has been given, sold or granted with an effective right of freehold to private individuals or public bodies. It is a surprise to some that land registration schemes have been rare and are still incomplete. There was also a complex variety of ways in which land could be passed from parent to child—whether by manorial custom, marriage or other settlement, by will or by common law.

In feudal times the person holding the land from the king, usually in return for some kind of service, was known as the tenant-in-chief and others sub-leased from him for service or rent in kind. There have been many types of tenure (the way in which land is held by one person from another), the main ones are:


 * Freehold—property held freely and for ever, similar to today’s ownership.
 * Leasehold—Property held by a lease from a freeholder for a given time period.
 * Copyhold—Property held as part of a manor, the tenant’s legal title being based on his copy of the entry in the manor court record.

Several other minor types of tenure are noted below.

Ancient Demesne
Tenants on ancient demesne (land belonging to the crown before Domesday) were exempt from the jurisdiction of the shire reeve and not liable to serve on inquests and juries outside the manor. They were free from taxes for upkeep of roads and bridges, and from market tolls. This type of tenure was abolished in 1925.

Burgage/Burgess Tenure
A tenure in an ancient borough which was held of the crown or the lords of the borough, and subject to the customary rents and services of that borough. The nominal rent, called a land-gable, made him free (quit) of all other services.

Copyhold
(Tenancy by Copy, Tenancy by the Verge) Tenure protected by title written into the manor court roll, of which he was provided with a copy (hence the name). The tenure was transferred by first surrendering it to the lord who held the fee simple, and then the new tenant paid a fine (often quite hefty) to be admitted to the copyhold, but the annual rent would be nominal. Copyholders of lands worth £10 or more were liable for jury service as were freeholders (qv).

Since the 17th century, at least, copyhold could not be newly created. Thus if the tenure changed from copyhold to either leasehold or freehold then the copyhold was extinguished and the land was now enfranchised and could not be copyhold again. As the actual value of the rents decreased over time landlords were keen to replace copyhold with the more lucrative leasehold system so there was a steady replacement from the 16th century. Enfranchisement of copyhold lands was made easier from 1841 and this type of land tenure was abolished in 1922 when all copyhold lands were made freehold.

Cottier
An annual tenure of land let directly to a labourer making the highest bid for it.

Customary Freehold
(Frank Tenure) Tenure where land was held by custom and not by will of the lord—a position between copyhold and freehold.

Encroachment
From ancient times people have taken in parts of the wastelands into their own holdings, the lord of the manor adding to his income by taking a fine and annual rent for doing so of-course! Some of my relatives were fined for doing just this in Kent—see section on the Browns of Southborough. Where there were plentiful common lands such encroachment was not a problem for the parish, but manorial records show disputes when newcomers to the area encroached, or where lands were valuable for mining of lead and coal.

Enfranchisement of Land
From 1841 copyhold tenants were allowed to enfranchise their lands, that is to convert from copyhold to freehold, and such enfranchisement was made compulsory during the period 1922-6.

Freehold
(Frank Tenement, Freeland) Tenure of land not subject to the customs of the manor or will of the lord, as were copyhold and leasehold. Freehold land was originally held either in:


 * Knight service, that is military service involving bringing arms, armour and a horse for 40 days active service per year. This was gradually commuted to monetary payments and abolished in 1662 after the Restoration.


 * Socage, a money rent.

Freehold land could be bought, sold or bequeathed without any restriction if it was held in fee simple, but if it was entailed, (held in fee tail or fee conditional), to a succession of heirs then sale was disallowed.

Those holding freehold property worth at least 40 shillings (£2) a year, and aged 21-70 were able to vote in both local and parliamentary elections. From 1696 they were also eligible for jury service at Assizes, Quarter Sessions etc. and thus parish lists of such forty shilling freeholders were drawn up, with the value of the estate and where it lay, and sometimes age and occupation, and with addresses included from 1832. Such records are kept with Quarter Session papers at county archives, and an example is shown below.

Chart: Essex Freeholders Book 1734 

Knight Service or Fee
Prior to 1660 some land was held in chief of the crown by knight service. Originally this meant that the land was held in return for military service, including:


 * Active service in the field if called upon, for 40 days a year, supplying horse, arms, and armour.


 * Castle ward, that is guard duty at his immediate lord’s chief castle for a certain number of days a year.


 * A relief (fee) paid on succeeding to his land.


 * Wardship, whereby a minor who inherits became a ward of his lord, the lord receiving the profit from his land until he came of age.


 * Marriage, which is the control by the lord of who a minor, heiress or widow married (this right could be sold).

A man might hold land for one, a number, or a fraction of a knight’s fee, the latter being paid in money. Larger landowners sub-infeuded some of their manors to lesser men for lesser knights fees.

Leasehold
Tenure of land held by a lease either for a fixed number of years (usually a multiple of seven) or for a certain number of stated lives. When one of the lives died a fee could be paid to insert a new name into the lease.

Long-term leaseholders of lands worth £20 or more were entered on jury lists from 1730 (see freeholders).

Quit Rent
A fixed annual rent which released a manorial or burgage (town copyhold) tenant from manorial service. It is not the same as a peppercorn rent (a very low rent), and quit rent was only abolished in 1922. In the accounts for the manor of Tillingham, Essex about 1660 the following item appears:

Chart: Quit Rents

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