Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land Records

The purpose of this class is to familiarize the participants with the records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. The participant should then be able to identify the types of available records; the specific value and challenges they represent; the location and availability of these documents; and what online access, if any, may be elicited.

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was initially proposed by President Abraham Lincoln and subsequently established by an act of Congress March 3, 1865. The Bureau’s name is usually abbreviated simply to the “Freedmen’s Bureau.” The records of the Freedmen’s Bureau are often referred to as “emancipation transition records” and span the years 1865 to 1872.

The Freedmen’s Bureau records contain a wide range of information about the African American experience during slavery and freedom. They are a valuable source for the Black family historian and genealogist.

PURPOSE OF “FREEDMEN’S BUREAU”
The Bureau was a federal government agency created to aid distressed refugees and former slaves of the American Civil War. The war liberated nearly 4 million slaves.

Aid involved: 


 * Education: established 4,300 schools
 * Health care: established 100 hospitals, issued food and clothing, and operated refugee camps
 * Employment: supervised labor contracts, worked with African Americans soldiers and sailors and their heirs to secure back pay, bounty payments and pensions

ORGANIZATION OF “FREEDMEN’S BUREAU”
Washington Headquarters 

Commissioner, Superintendent of Education, Adjutant General’s Office- aided United States Colored Troops with claims and bounty State Officials

Assistant Commissioner, Superintendent of Education

Field Offices-Local

Most people came in contact with the Bureau at the local level.

Bureau Personnel included: Commissioner, subordinates, superintendents, agents, claims officers, provost marshals, disbursing officers, medical officers, clerks and others

Records are available for:


 * Confederate States: South Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia
 * Border States: Kentucky and Missouri and the District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia

“FREEDMEN’S BUREAU” RECORDS
The records of the Bureau contain administrative records, records concerning the goals to assist with education, employment, and health care. The records type and quality vary with each state and from field office to field office. The records contain data on names, residence, occupation and former owner

Census records- local

Labor Contracts and Registers

Apprenticeship

Indentures

Register of marriages


 * Minister reports

Register and application of persons receiving rations

Court records


 * Legal aid in court, affidavits, and trials
 * New state legislated repressive “black codes”

Land records


 * 40 acres and a mule”
 * Homestead
 * Southern Homestead Act 1866, register of property, property restoration (freedman and loyal whites)
 * Public land in states of: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi

Medical records


 * Register of patients, monthly reports of sick and wounded

Military records – U.S. Colored Troops (USCT)


 * Case files for claims for bounty, pension claims and register of contraband camps (fugitive slaves crossed Union lines to settle in contraband camps)

School records

Register and list of claimants

Registers of letters sent and received

Miscellaneous

PREPARING TO USE THE “FREEDMEN’S BUREAU” RECORDS

 * Gather information on your ancestor and their extended family.
 * Make a list of all family names and nick names (first and last) sometimes the records only give initials of first names.
 * Research recent family history first.
 * Find your ancestors and their extended family in the 1870 U.S. federal census.
 * Study family in community context. Extract and make copies of records including individuals with same surname in the area.
 * Search Federal and State records: Census, Military, Land and Property.
 * Start by searching internet sites for Freedmen’s Bureau records in the state where your family lived, learn if any records have been indexed and imaged.

Refer to the publication:

Everly, Elaine C. and Pacheli, Willna. Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Field Offices of the Bureau of Refugees, Freemen and Abandoned Lands: Record Group 105. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1973. FHL 973 F23ea or Fiche 60026338

CHALLENGES OF “FREEDMEN’S BUREAU” RECORDS
Challenges 


 * Surname changes
 * All Records are not indexed or imaged in a searchable data base
 * Determine location of field offices

Original and filmed copies
National Archives and Branches:www.archives.gov./genealogy/heritage/africanamerican

Filmed copies
Family History Library and Centers


 * Family History Library Catalog
 * Register/Notebook
 * www.Familysearch.org

Most site information is arranged by locality or by record type. Remember at this time (2010) the collection is incomplete (indexed and imaged) at any given site.

Online Sources

 * Freedmen’s Bureau Online, www.freedmensbureau.com African American history on line
 * www.afrigeneas.com is a site devoted to African American genealogy, to researching African Ancestry
 * www.ancestry.com Subscription site online Freedmen’s Bureau records, searchable by name
 * www.wiki.FamilySearch.org an online encyclopedia where you can find research information; with links to other FamilySearch products and services.
 * African American Historical and Genealogical Society – AAHGS www.aahgs.org
 * Virginia Center for Digital History: http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/fbureau/bureau topics.htm