Melungeons

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History and Tidbits
The term "Melungeon" has generally been applied to a widely distributed group of people associated with the general region of Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Kentucky in the United States, but perhaps concentrated in the general area of Eastern Tennessee, Southwest Virginia, and Northwest North Carolina. Although definitions of what exactly constitute a Melungeon differ, these are a mixed-race people.

Some have been described as being "swarthy" or at least somewhat dark-skinned in appearance, but the physical characteristics of Melungeons differ greatly. Because this is a mixed race group of people, and because the exact racial characteristics vary, it is impossible to pin down a precise Melungeon appearance. In addition, again because of the mixed race nature of Melungeons, even siblings can differ greatly in their physical characteristics. That is demonstrated by the photo that accompanies this article.

Melungeon identity is assumed to involve a mixture of some combination of Western European, Native American, and sometimes African ancestry, with early assertions of "Portuguese" or "Portuguese Indian" background being widely claimed. The term "tri-racial isolate" has been academically applied to this group, but this term is problematic in that not all Melungeons claim a tri-racial identity and, in many cases, these families appear to be anything but "isolates."

Stories and claims abound as to how this group of people descend from Portuguese, or Turks and/or Moors, who navigated to the American shores with the Portuguese, and who intermarried with Native Americans prior to English settlement.

Some of the most prominent surnames that have been claimed as potentially associated with a Melungeon identity include Bowling (Bolin), Bunch, Chavis (Chavez), Collins, Epps, Francisco, Gibson, Gill, Goins, Goodman, Minor, Mise, Moore, Mullins, Phipps, Ridley (Riddle), Rodrigues, Stowers, Williams, and Wise. This extreme partial list should not be taken as suggesting, however, that every family using this surname is considered to be Melungeon.

Some of the sources and discussions pertaining to the Melungeons suggest that, in some cases, there may be a relationship to Native American groups generally referred to as Saponi. In addition, alternate names exist for Melungeons, one of the most prominent being Guineas.

DNA Project
This site is self-explantatory about the DNA projects hosted and currently underway. The site has larger list of known surnames.

The Melungeon DNA Surname Project.

Genealogy and History Websites

 * First Union: The Melungeons Revisited
 * Melungeon
 * Melungeon (DMOZ Open Directory Project links list)
 * Melungeon Cemetery: Carmel, Highland County, Ohio (YouTube video)
 * Melungeon Forum
 * The Melungeon Health Education and Support Network
 * Melungeon Heritage Association
 * Melungeon History (video lecture by Wayne Winkler, Melungeon Historical Society Conference, 2009, in YouTube), Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6
 * The Melungeon Indians
 * Melungeon Resource Page
 * Melungeon Voices documentary trailer (YouTube)
 * Melungeons.com
 * Melungeons, Redbones, and Other U.S. Maroons (video lecture in YouTube)
 * The Melungeons: Who Are They?
 * Origins of the Melungeon Appalachian Subculture
 * What is a Melungeon?
 * What is a Melungeon? (different site)