England, Diseases and Causes of Death (National Institute)

Medical Terminology
Family History journals are replete with notes on odd and amusing causes of death such as:


 * Stoppage in the stomick.
 * Extreme filthiness.
 * Eating his own hair.
 * Killed by standing too near a cow and a bull!

Some general points to note:


 * People were buried alive in the Middle Ages and later for various reasons, for example unconsciousness due to hypothermia, drug or alcohol overdose, or diabetic coma.
 * How many infant deaths were misdiagnosed? Was pneumonia really cystic fibrosis? And could a succession of infant deaths have been due to the rhesus factor or congenital syphilis?
 * Allergies were not understood.
 * Schools were dependent on Attendance numbers for their funding in the late 19th century so often did not close when there was an outbreak of infectious disease.
 * Before doctors possessed sophisticated diagnostic techniques they tended to write symptoms rather than causes on death certificates.

The commonest medical terminology encountered by the family historian researching death and burial registers is given in the chart below. For more on the conditions associated with our ancestors’ diseases as well as conditions of childbirth see Nigel Underwood’s 1991 article, Survival of the Fittest? Jeanette Jerger’s book, A Medical Miscellany for Genealogists on medical terminology for (mainly North American) genealogists is worthwhile, and Mearns’ Words Used to Describe Medical Conditions in the 18th and 19th C. (Aberdeen and North-East Scotland Family History Society Journal #73, page 33-35) gives a list of Scottish terms.

There are several websites devoted to this subject, for example:

Cyndislist Olive Tree Genealogy Archaic Medical Terms Hall Genealogy

Chart: Obsolete Medical Terminology

Occupational Diseases
Many of our ancestors’ occupations contributed to their demise mainly because of generally dirty conditions, poor nutrition, causes of disease being unknown and the effect of working conditions not considered. Some of the major problems were:


 * Alcohol-related problems, which could easily occur when beer was safer to drink than the water, and spirits would be a temptation amongst people associated with the trade who got free perks with the job. The hopelessness of the lower classes was often drowned nightly in gin or beer.


 * Anthrax, or woolsorter’s disease, first entered England in 1847 and is primarily an animal disease. Tradesmen dealing with carcasses, hair or wool of infected animals get it, but person-to-person transmission is very rare. Before the mid-20th century it frequently lead to septicaemia and death; today vaccination and antibiotic treatment are available. Bergman wrote a good article on anthrax for family historians, and Dart provided important additional information.


 * Lead poisoning caused early death amongst smelters, plumbers, painters, paper stainers and pottery glazers. They suffered through disabling colic, anaemia, failing vision and paralysis.


 * Mercury poisoning took its toll of looking-glass (mirror) silverers, water gilders who coated metal with a mixture of gold and mercury, and hatters because the effects of working with mercury were unknown. They lost weight, trembled and had impaired speech so appearing as mad as a hatter.


 * Puerperal (or Childbed) Fever and other complications of childbirth can be placed in this category and took many women’s lives before antisepsis and nutritional deficiencies were understood. The role of midwives is explained by Joan E Grundy in her 2003 Family Tree Magazine article, Midwifery and Childbirth in 17th and 18th Century England, and puerperal fever and other complications of childbirth by Wood (2000b).


 * Silicosis, also called stone-cutter’s phthisis, and pulmonic disease, is caused by dust, particularly that from silica or quartz and was common amongst potters, miners, dry grinders, flint knappers, sand blasters and stonemasons. A similar affliction, siderosis, caused by inhaling metallic particles was common amongst saw makers and Sheffield cutlers, being also known as grinder’s rot. The symptoms of coughing up thick mucus and bronchitis were similar to TB and were undoubtedly frequently misdiagnosed. When a man’s workplace was part of his home then the whole family suffered. Other occupations such as French polishers, flax workers and millers were also constantly surrounded by dust and could contract similar diseases. Shoddy workers (rag tearers) developed shoddy cough (Goodger).

J. L. Goodger offers further insight into occupational diseases and further reference material in his article ''Life in the 19th Century. Who Said That Hard Work Never Hurt Anyone?'' Family Tree Magazine Vol 8 #8.

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