Finnish Genealogical Word List

This list contains Finnish words with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Finnish-English dictionary (see the "Additional Resources" section below).

Finnish is related to Estonian and distantly related to Hungarian. It is not related to other European languages. The official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish. Until the end of the 1800s, records were kept in Swedish. For help reading those records, see the Swedish Genealogical Word List(31028). Some Latin phrases also appear in older Finnish parish registers. For help, use the Latin Genealogical Word List (34077).

LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Variant Forms of Words

In Finnish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who—whose—whom or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms.

As you read Finnish records, be aware that the endings of most words vary with usage. One word in Finnish often translates into English as two or more words. For example, talo (house) changes to talossa (in the house).

Plurals. Finnish indicates the plural of a word in two ways:

* The letter t is added to nouns that have no other endings. For example, talo (house) becomes talot(houses). * The letter i is added if the noun has another ending. For example, talossa (in the house) becomes taloissa (in the houses).

Possessives. In addition to or instead of using words like my and theirs, Finnish adds endings to words to show possession. If a word already has another ending on it, the possessive ending appears at the end of the word. For example, see how possessives change the words talo (house) and talossa (in the house):

his house 	hänen talonsa in his house 	hänen talossansa

See Table 1 for a more complete description of possessives.

Prepositions and postpositions. In English, words like in, on, with, before, and after are prepositions. They come before a noun. For example, in the house.

Depending on the various grammar rules, Finnish prepositions may appear in one of three ways:

* They may come before the noun. For example, ennen sotaa (before the war). * They may come after the noun. (In this case, it is called a postposition.) For example, sodan jälkeen(after the war). * They may be added to the noun. For example Helsinki becomes Helsinkiin (into Helsinki). Table 2, on the next page, contains other examples.

Word endings. Endings are also added to words for other grammatical purposes. See Tables 1 and 3 for other examples.

Table 1. Possessive Endings

Possessive and Ending 	Meaning 	Examples: talo (house), talossa (in the house) 	Translation minun, -ni 	my 	talo » minun talonitalo » minun talossani 	house » my househouse » in my house sinun-, si 	your (singular) 	talo » sinun talositalo » sinun talossasi 	house » your househouse » in your house hänen, -nsa, -nsä or double vowel + n 	his, her 	talo » hänen talonsatalo » hänen talossansatalo » hänen talossaan 	house » his (her) househouse » in his (her) househouse » in his (her) house meidän -mme 	our 	talo » meidän talommetalo » meidän talossamme 	house » our househouse » in our house teidän, -nne 	your (plural) 	talo » teidän talonnetalo » teidän talossanne 	house » your househouse » in your house heidn, -nsa, -nsä or double vowel + n 	their 	talo » heidän talonsatalo » heidän talossansatalo » heidän talossaan 	house » their househouse » in their househouse » in their house

Table 2. Prepositional Endings on Nouns

Ending 	Basic Meaning 	Example 	Translation -a, -ä, -ta, -t 	of, some 	suku » sukua 	family » of a family -in 	by means of, with 	oma käsi » omin ksin 	one’s own hands » with one’s own hands -ine + a possessive ending (see Table 1) 	together with 	lapsi » lapsinensa or lapsineen 	child » together with his (her or their) children -ksi 	changed into, become 	vaimo » otti vaimoksi 	wife » took for a wife or became a wife -lla, -llä 	at, by, in 	Tampere » Tampereella 	Tampere » in (at) Tampere -lle 	to 	Tampere » Tampereelle 	Tampere » to Tampere -lta, -ltä 	from 	Tampere » Tampereelta 	Tampere » from Tampere -n 	of 	talo » talon väki 	house » people of the house -na, -nä 	as 	lapsi » lapsena 	child » as a child -ssa, -ssä 	in 	Helsinki » Helsingissä 	Helsinki » in Helsinki double vowel + n 	into 	Helsinki » Helsinkiin 	Helsinki » into Helsinki -sta, -stä 	from 	Helsinki » Helsingistä 	Helsinki » from Helsinki

Table 3. Other Word Endings

Ending 	Basic Meaning 	Example 	Translation -t 	forms a plural 	talo » talot 	house » houses -ko, -k 	indicates a question 	Helsingissä » Helsingissäkö 	in Helsinki » in Helsinki? -ton 	without, -less, un- 	lapsi » lapseton 	child » childless -tta, -ttä (on verbs) 	without 	nähdä » näkemätt 	to see » without seeing -n, -t 	shows a direct object 	talo » näen talon talo » näen talot 	house » I see the house house » I see the houses

Ending: -lla, -ll followed by a form of the verb olla (to be): on, ei ole, oli, ei ollut, on ollut, or ei ole ollut Basic Meaning: shows possession or ownership (to have)

Example 	Translation Anna » Annalla on 	Anna » Anna has Anna Toivonen » Anna Toivosella oli 	Anna Toivonen » Anna Toivonen had minä » munulla on ollut 	I » I have had sinä » sunulla oli 	you (singular) » you had hän » hänell oli 	he/she » he/she had me » meillä ei ole ollut 	we » we have not had te » teillä on 	you (plural) » you have he » heillä ei ole 	they » they do not have

Spelling Changes

When an ending is added to a word, the consonants within that word may also change. Consider the following examples:

Letters that Change 	Examples ht 	to hd 	lahti 	to lahden k 	to (nothing) 	Ilmajoki 	to Ilmajoen kk 	to k 	kirkko 	to kirkon lt 	to ll 	ilta 	to illan mp 	to mm 	lampi 	to lammen n 	to s 	Heinonen 	to Heinosen nk 	to ng 	Helsinki 	to Helsingin nt 	to nn 	isnt 	to isnnn p 	to v 	orpo 	to orvon pp 	to p 	pappi 	to papin rk 	to r 	Turku 	to Turun rt 	to rr 	virta 	to virran s 	to d or t 	uusi 	to uuden, uuteen tt 	to t 	tytt 	to tytn uku 	to uvu 	suku 	to suvun vowel+t 	to vowel+d 	iti 	to idin

Alphabetical Order

Written Finnish uses three letters in addition to the twenty-six letters used in the English alphabet: ä, ö, and for Swedish names, å. Finnish dictionaries and indexes, this word list, and the Locality Search of the Family History Library CatalogLook this term up in the glossary. all use the following alphabetical order:

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z å ä ö

The letters v and w are frequently alphabetized as the same letter.

Finnish Genealogical Word List

Table of Contents Language Characteristics Additional Resources Key Words General Word List Ä Numbers Dates

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

This word list includes only the words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For more help, use a Finnish-English dictionary. Several such dictionaries are available at the Family History LibraryLook this term up in the glossary. in the Scandinavia collection. Their call numbers begin with 494.541321. The following dictionary is also available on microfilmLook this term up in the glossary. for use in Family History CentersLook this term up in the glossary.:

Alanne, V. S. Suomalais-englantilainen suursanakirja [Great Finnish-English Dictionary]. 3rd ed. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1968. (FHL film 1224706 item 3.)

Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject Search of the Family History Library Catalog under FINNISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES or in the Locality Search under FINLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES - DICTIONARIES.

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KEY WORDS

To find and use specific types of Finnish records, you will need to know some key words in Finnish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Finnish words with the same or similar meanings.

For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriages. In the second column you will find Finnish words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined,and other words used in Finnish records to indicate marriage.

English 	Finnish banns 	kuulutetut baptism 	kastetut, kaste-, ristimä- births 	syntyneet, synty- burials 	haudatut, hauta-, hauda- child 	lapsi christenings 	(See baptism.) confirmations 	rippilapset, ripille päässeet deaths 	kuolleet, kuoli- father 	isä husband 	mies, aviomies marriages 	vihityt, vihki-, naim-, avio- month 	kuukausi, kuu mother 	äiti name (given name) 	nimi, etunimi, kastenimi, ristimänimi name (surname) 	(suku)nimi parents 	vanhemmat parishs 	eurakunta, kunta wife 	vaimo, aviovaimo year 	vuosi, vuoden, vuonna

Finnish Genealogical Word List

Table of Contents Language Characteristics Additional Resources Key Words General Word List Ä Numbers Dates

GENERAL WORD LIST

This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in separate sections that follow this list.

In this list, optional versions of Finnish words or variable endings are given in parentheses. Parentheses in the English column clarify the meaning.

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A

aamu 	morning aamulla 	in the morning aamupäivä 	forenoon aateli(nen) 	noble aatelisto 	nobility aatto 	eve aika 	time, date aikainen 	early, (a.m.) aikaisempi 	earlier aikakauskirja 	periodical aikanaan 	in due time aina 	always ainoa 	only aivokuume 	encephalitis, inflammation of the brain aivotärähdys 	concussion ajaja 	coachman ajomies 	coachman ala, ali 	low(er), under alaikäinen 	minor, underaged alla 	under allekirjoittanut 	undersigned alue 	region, district alus 	ship ammatti 	profession, occupation annettu 	given anoppi 	mother-in-law appi 	father-in-law appivanhemmat 	parents-in-law apteekkari 	pharmacist, druggist arkisto 	archive arkistoluettelo 	archive list arvo 	title, rank, status asema 	station, class, standing asevelvollinen 	conscript soldier asiakirja 	document, record asua 	live, reside asuinpaikka 	place of residence asukas 	inhabitant, resident, lodger asunto 	residence asutuksen yleisluettelo 	general register of inhabitants a.u. 	illegitimate aukko 	gap (missing records) autio 	uninhabited avioero 	divorce avioliiton ulkopuolella 	illegitimate, out of wedlock avioliitto 	marriage avioliittoasiakirjat 	marriage documents aviomies 	husband avionrikkoja 	adulterer aviopari 	married couple aviopuoliso 	spouse avioton 	unmarried, illegitimate aviovaimo 	wife