Canada, Immigration Groups in Ontario and the Prairie Provinces (National Institute)

Newfoundland and Labrador
The first settlers arrived in 1583. English merchants from the West Country dominated the island and deterred permanent settlement fearing that it would threaten their control of the fishing industry. As a result very little other settlement took place until the 1600s. Control of the island switched between Britain and France until 1763 when the French were finally defeated by the British. The first lists of residents were compiled by the French at Plaisance (Placentia). Both Newfoundland and Canada Archives have copies of these lists.

The Provincial Reference and Resource Library located in the Arts and Culture Centre, St. John’s NF, contains, among other resources, records of settlers 1654-1685, business records of early merchants as well as histories of various families.

Provincial Archives and Societies

 * Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador (PANL) The Rooms 9 Bonaventure Ave. St. John’s, NL A1C 5P9


 * Maritime History Archive Henrietta Harvey Building Memorial University St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7


 * Collections relate to shipping, fisheries and commerce since 1600. There is a name file index of about 6,000 surnames developed from the late Dr. Keith Matthews’ research into fisheries and settlement from 1640-1840.


 * Family History Society of Newfoundland and Labrador


 * Newfoundland and Labrador GenWeb

Prince Edward Island
There was no permanent settlement on the island until 1719. Before that, explorer Jacques Cartier had claimed it for France and Samuel de Champlain had named it Île St. Jean. Occasional early residents of the island were fishermen and traders. In the 1700s, ownership shifted back and forth between the French and British and by 1750 the bulk of the 2000 inhabitants were Acadians. In 1758 the British returned to the island for good and renamed it St. John Island. Many of the Acadians were sent to France or fled to Quebec except for the settlers at Malpeque. The Acadians of Malpeque are the ancestors of nearly all the Acadians on the island today. English and Scottish settlement began in the last half of the 18th century and in 1799 the colony was renamed Prince Edward Island. In 1803, three ships were chartered to bring 800 settlers to Prince Edward Island from Scotland. There was strong chain migration of Scots to PEI between 1815 and 1860, mainly because those already there sent favourable reports home. Between 1827 and 1833, the population increased from 23,000 to 32,000 people. PEI entered Confederation in 1873.


 * “Emigration involves both push and pull factors. In otherwords, while the earliest Scots who came—those who arrived between 1770 and 1815—were more likely (or thought themselves to be) voluntary migrants, those who came later were much more likely to feel that they had little choice in the matter of leaving. Conditions in rural Scotland, particularly in the Highlands, seemed to worsen with each decade as the nineteenth century proceeded.” (MacKinnon 1997, 154)

Public Archives and Records Office

 * Public Archives and Records Office Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1000 Charlottetown PE C1A 7M4


 * Some holdings include a Master Name Index, cemetery and census records, passenger lists and marriage details from newspapers.


 * Prince Edward Island Genealogical Society


 * PEI GenWeb

Nova Scotia
Before the Treaty of Utrecht gave Nova Scotia to Great Britain in 1763, control of the area changed hands ten times. Initially, Nova Scotia included New Brunswick and PEI so keep this in mind when searching for records. PEI separated from Nova Scotia in 1769 as did New Brunswick in 1784. Nova Scotia joined Confederation in 1867. Samuel de Champlain began the first French settlement on an island in Passamoquoddy Bay and later moved to Port Royal which was renamed Annapolis Royal by the British. English and Scottish settlers established settlements in parts of Nova Scotia and what is now New Brunswick. A military post named Halifax was established in 1749. Edward Cornwallis, who was appointed Governor and Captain General, brought out over 2,500 colonists, mostly drawn from disbanded soldiers and sailors. In 1750, 300 German-speaking immigrants arrived at Halifax, and 1,000 more arrived in each of the following two years. Later, most of them were transported along with some French Protestants to Lunenburg. Three hundred settlers from the north of Ireland arrived in Halifax in 1761. In the early days of settlement the province was divided into counties and townships and township records contain a wealth of genealogical information. Many of these records are available at the Nova Scotia Archives.

Archives and Societies

 * Nova Scotia - Research My Roots ~ Genealogy


 * Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management 6016 University Avenue Halifax, NS B3H 1W4


 * Nova Scotia Genealogy Network Association


 * Nova Scotia GenWeb

New Brunswick
In 1604 the French established a small colony on an island in the St. Croix River. After a very severe winter it was moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal (Annapolis Royal). Throughout the 1600s many immigrants arrived from France as well as some from Britain and Portugal. The French named the area Acadia. A third of the population of present day New Brunswick is French speaking—most are descendants of the Acadians or settlers from Quebec.

From about 1760 many immigrants arrived from the New England colonies and New York as well as some Pennsylvania Germans. Settlement of the St. John Valley began in 1762 when land was offered to neighbouring New Englanders and disbanded military. Some of the expelled Acadians returned after 1763. While initially there was great interest in the land, there was little settlement and many grants were declared forfeit on arrival of the Loyalists. In 1774 several hundred farming families arrived from Yorkshire, England and they settled in the Chignecto area. They were followed by Scots into the Mirimichi area. Settlers from Cardigan and Carmarthen in Wales arrived in New Brunswick in 1818-19 and established the Cardigan settlement there. While there is no contemporary listing of original settlers, there is a list assembled from a number of sources in Thomas’ book: Strangers From a Secret Land, The Voyages of the Brig Albion and the Founding of the First Welsh Settlements in Canada. (pp 259-272).

New Brunswick entered Confederation in 1867.

Archives and Societies

 * Provincial Archives Richard Bennett Hatfield Archives Complex Bonar Law - Bennett Building 23 Dineen Drive UNB Campus Fredericton, NB Canada


 * New Brunswick Genealogy Society


 * New Brunswick GenWeb

Quebec
In 1608 Samuel de Champlain established a trading post where Quebec City is today. The colony was named New France in 1663. As in other areas, the struggle between England and France for control of the area went on for many years, finally ending in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris, which gave all of New France to Britain.

In 1774 faced with continuing unrest among the French settlers, the British government passed the Quebec Act. This act allowed the colony to continue its feudal system of land tenure and keep its language, religion and customs. At this time New France stretched from the Atlantic to Niagara and Lake Superior. After the American War of Independence the area was split in two—the English speaking area became Upper Canada and the French became Lower Canada. After the rebellions of 1837 the two regions were rejoined, parliamentary government was put in place and Quebec became Canada East (CE for short). Many United Empire Loyalists settled in the south-western portion of the province near the borders of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. Immigrants from Britain also settled in the Montreal area.


 * “Benjamin Sulte, keenest of historians, in an analysis of the French Canadian population, showed that population to be for the most part descended from the settlers who came from France between the years 1633 and 1673. These originated in Northern and Central France, chiefly Normandy.” (Gibbon 1938, 20)

Archives and Societies

 * Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (généalogie)


 * Grande Bibliothèque 475, boul. De Maisonneuve Est Montréal, QC H2L 5C4


 * Centre de Conservation 2275 rue Holt Montréal, QC H2G 3H1

Centres d’archives (Regional Centres)

 * Centres d’archives du Bas-Saint-Laurent et de la Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine Édifice Louis-Joseph-Moreault 337, rue Moreault Rimouski, QC G5L 1P4 Tél.: (418) 727-3500 Courriel: [mailto:archives.rimouski@banq.qc.ca archives.rimouski@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean 930, rue Jacques-Cartier Est Bureau C-103 Chicoutimi, QC G7H 7K9 Tél.: (418) 698-3516 Courriel: [mailto:archives.saguenay@banq.qc.ca archives.saguenay@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives de la Mauricie et Centre-du-Québec 225, rue des Forges, bureau 208 Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 2G7 Tél.: (819) 371-6015 Courriel: [mailto:archives.trois-rivieres@banq.qc.ca archives.trois-rivieres@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives de l’Estrie 225,rue Frontenac, bureau 401 Sherbrooke, QC J1H 1K1 Tél.:(819) 820-3010 Courriel: [mailto:archives.sherbrooke@banq.qc.ca archives.sherbrooke@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives de Montréal Édifice Gilles-Hocquart 535, avenue Viger Est Montréal, QC H2L 2P3 Tél.: (514) 873-1100, ophon 4 Courriel: [mailto:archives.montreal@banq.qc.ca archives.montreal@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives de l’Outaouais 855, boulevard de la Gappe Gatineau, QC J8T 8H9 Tél.: (819) 568-8798 Courriel: [mailto:archives.gatineau@banq.qc.ca archives.gatineau@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue et Nord-du-Québec 27, rue du Terminus Ouest Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 2P3 Tél.: (819) 763-3484 Courriel:[mailto:archives.rouyn@banq.qc.ca archives.rouyn@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives de la Côte-Nord 700, boulevard Laure, Bureau 190 Sept-Îles, QC G4R 1Y1 Tél.: (418) 964-8434 Courriel: [mailto:archives.sept-iles@banq.qc.ca archives.sept-iles@banq.qc.ca]


 * Centres d’archives de Québec Campus de l’Université Laval Pavillon Louise-Jacques-Casault 1055, avenue du Séminaire Casse postale 10450, succursale Sainte-Foy Québec, QC G1V 4N1 Tél: (418) 643-8904 Courriel: [mailto:archives.quebec@banq.qc.ca archives.quebec@banq.qc.ca]

Societies

 * Quebec Family History Society


 * Projet GenWeb du Québec (bilingual site)

Ontario
Fight for control of the land that would become Ontario took place between the French and the English as it did in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. French and English trading posts were established in the early 1700s and these existed along with a stream of explorers, missionaries and fur traders in areas occupied by many Indian tribes including Huron, Iroquois, Ojibway and Cree.

After France ceded control of the area to Britain in 1763, the French/English conflict ended. Britain now controlled the old French territory (Quebec) that extended westward past the Great Lakes. After the American War of Independence those loyal to Britain crossed the border and settled in Niagara, along the shores of Lake Ontario and in the areas south and west of Montreal. We need to remember that at this time, the area was still called Quebec although much of this region would later form Upper Canada, then Canada West and later, the province of Ontario.

It was in 1791 that the area was divided into Upper (Ontario) and Lower (Quebec) Canada with the Ottawa River as the dividing line. In 1841 the two were joined, becoming known as Canada East (CE) and Canada West (CW).

Early in the nineteenth century and up until 1822, a Military Settling Department operated at Quebec and provided assistance to both military and civilian settlers. The records, available at Library and Archives Canada, include the following:


 * Perth Military Settlement Fonds available on microfilm C-4651. The records include a register of tickets of location granted to military settlers (1816-1822) and there is an alphabetical index at the beginning.


 * Settlers (1818-1820), microfilm reels C-3158 to C-3159. This group of records consists of establishments of the settling department, estimates, lists of immigrants, memoranda, petitions, reports, requisitions, returns, and correspondence relating chiefly to the military settlements at Drummonville, Lanark, Perth, and Richmond.

British and Germans formed the majority of the early settlers in Ontario. In 1794, 64 German families were brought to settle near Toronto by William von Moll Berczy. Library and Archives Canada holds the William von Moll Berczy Fonds. These fonds include among other items, some maps and lists of settlers. Consult record group RG 152-0-5E, or seven volumes on microfilm H 2298.

In the early 19th century, (1800-1820), 2,000 Mennonite immigrants moved to Upper Canada settling in three main areas: the Niagara District, the Markham area and on the Grand River. Statistics from the 1871 census indicate that 10% of the population of Ontario (158,000) were Germans. Since WWII, immigration to Ontario has been from almost every country in the world.

Archives and Societies

 * Archives of Ontario (genealogical research) 134 Ian Macdonald Blvd Toronto, Ontario Canada M7A 2C5


 * Ontario Genealogical Society


 * Ontario GenWeb

The Prairies
By 1900 there was no more free (or even cheap) land in the American frontier. In the first decade of the 20th century the population of the three prairie provinces more than tripled, growing by almost one million people. About a third of the new Canadians who arrived in the west between 1896 and 1914 were not English speaking Anglo Saxons. For those who have ancestors enumerated in the 1901 census, it is worth noting that two of the questions asked pertained to place of birth and what language was spoken in the home. Answers to these questions will help identify country of origin. Furthermore, if the place of birth is a generic answer like “Russia”, the answer of “Latvian” or “Slovak” to the language question would be a major clue to identifying a more specific location.

You can learn more about the experiences of immigrants to Western Canada through a project of the University of Manitoba Archives and their Special Collections. There are over 15,000 digitized archival items (texts, photos, videos) available through their Prairie Immigration Experience website.

French In The West
Many French Canadian voyageurs who went west in the fur trade era remained there when their contracts ended. Some took Indian wives and their children were the first of the Métis population. By the time the province of Manitoba was formed in 1870 almost half the population was Métis.

Following the troubles at Red River, many of the Métis moved further west establishing colonies on the North Saskatchewan River, south of Prince Albert at St Albert, Lac Ste Anne, Lac La Biche and Tail Creek.

A French colonization society was established in St Boniface and in Montreal, but there was not a great deal of response to this. There was more interest from German, Ukranian and Scandinavian immigrants.

French Canadian settlements were established in Southern Manitoba, and in Saskatchewan at Ponteix, Gravelbourg, Lisieux, Lafleche and St Louis and in Alberta at St Albert, Morinville, Lamoureux, Legal, Grouxville, Beaumont and Picardville.

Settlement attempts by Frenchmen from France occurred in Alberta at Whitewood and Trochu in the early 1900s. These settlements attracted more settlers from France, and Trochu in particular was quite prosperous up until the outbreak of WWI. At this time, many of these settlers returned to France to serve in the military.

In Alberta there was some French migration from the St Lawrence to the northern areas of the province. This is an area where the Catholic missionaries had followed the Métis and then French Canadians followed the church resulting over time in communities that became more French than Métis.

Manitoba
Manitoba was part of the grant to the Hudson’s Bay Company which received a charter from the British King in 1670. Early settlement was sporadic. Employees of the HBC signed on for 3 to 5 years and usually returned to Britain at the end of their contracts. Although officially frowned upon, there were relationships between the fur traders and native women—and in many cases these relationships resulted in births.

Some initial settlement around the Red River was encouraged in the early 1800s in order to provide a permanent supply base for the Company’s operations. Widespread settlement did not begin until Manitoba entered Confederation in 1870 and construction of a railway to the west facilitated the movement of settlers. The government began to encourage emigration to Manitoba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was particularly interested in attracting farmers from Europe. Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Estonians and Hungarians settled in the area.


 * “Agents of railway companies in the states and territories south of the international boundary line have striven to perpetuate the notion that the climate of Canada is against the country’s future. Not long ago, the Canadian department of agriculture found that there had been distributed, throughout England, thousands of pamphlets in which it was asserted, with the proper quantum of hypocritical lamentation, that the climate of Manitoba consists of “seven months’ Arctic winter and five months’ cold weather”; the object being to attract intending settlers from Manitoba to Dakota as possessing a better climate.” (Carling 1886, 2)

Three years after the suppression of the first Riel Rebellion, a large settlement of German speaking Mennonites was in southern Manitoba. Six thousand German-speaking settlers originally from Holland and the lower Rhine, left Russia where they had emigrated earlier, to settle in the Red River valley.

In 1874, 375 Icelanders arrived, having settled initially in Kinmount, Ontario. The next year, they moved as a group to the shore of Lake Winnipeg. Originally the settlement was called New Iceland, but was later changed to Gimli. These settlers adjusted well and were quite successful, so much so that the Canadian government decided to encourage more to come. An immigration agent was appointed in 1886 (one of the original group) and he brought over 7,000 Icelanders to Manitoba. Rural Manitoba was basically settled by 1900. In the 1911 Census, over 40 percent of all Manitobans are described as living in urban settings.

Archives and Societies

 * Archives of Manitoba (general genealogy site) 130-200 Vaughan Street Winnipeg, MB R3C 1T5


 * Hudson’s Bay Company Archives


 * Manitoba Genealogical Society


 * Manitoba GenWeb

Saskatchewan
Early settlers in Saskatchewan in the mid 1700s were French traders. They were followed by Scottish and English traders after 1763. In 1867 the Hudson’s Bay Company relinquished its rights to millions of acres of land in exchange for £300,000 from the Canadian government. As the railway moved west, settlement followed. The line was completed as far as Moose Jaw in 1882. Over the next 20 years settlers arrived from the USA, Sweden, Germany, Iceland, Romania, Russia, the Ukraine and Denmark. In the first decade of the 20th century, 400,000 people arrived in the region that became Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan joined Confederation in 1905. The population in 1911 was almost five times higher than it had been in 1901. Three quarters of these new arrivals were settling in rural areas. Mennonite settlements were established in Saskatchewan and Alberta as land became scarcer in Manitoba.

There were two large group settlements of German Catholics in Saskatchewan in the early 1900s—St. Peter’s Colony run by the Benedictine order was established north east of Saskatoon and St. Joseph’s, west of Saskatoon was run by the Oblates. These colonies were populated by settlers lately from Minnesota, the Dakotas, Wisconsin and Kansas.

An attempt was made by a Canadian born Anglican Minister to settle the west with British colonists in the early 20th century. Rev. Isaac Barr joined forces with a British clergyman, Rev. George Lloyd, to found a colony of about 2,000 in Saskatchewan. The plan was poorly organized from the start. They made the voyage in 1903 aboard the S.S. Lake Manitoba. A rough sea voyage, an overcrowded ship, delays on arrival in Saint John NB, filthy trains which took them to Saskatoon and unscrupulous price gouging merchants made for a very unhappy group by the time they arrived in Battleford. Blaming Barr for the problems, a number of colonists decided to replace their leader Barr with Lloyd who had accompanied them on the trip. Initially they decided to call the colony Britannia—later it was renamed Lloydminster.

Archives and Societies

 * Saskatchewan Archives Board - Exploring Family History in Saskatchewan (collections are divided between Saskatoon and Regina)


 * Regina Saskatchewan Archives Board Mailing address: P.O. Box 1665 Regina SK S4P 3C6 Street address: 3303 Hillsdale Street Regina SK Telephone: 306-787-4068


 * Saskatoon Saskatchewan Archives Board Street and mailing address: Murray Building University of Saskatchewan 3 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A4 Telephone: 306-933-5832


 * Saskatchewan Genealogical Society


 * Saskatchewan GenWeb

Alberta
Alberta was also part of the large territory granted to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670. It also joined Confederation in 1905. Like Saskatchewan and Manitoba, early settlement was by those working in the fur trade. With the arrival of the railway in the mid-1880s, the area was accessible to many settlers. As land became scarcer in the American West, many came up to Alberta. Mormons from Utah moved into the Cardston area. Other settlers included immigrants from Denmark, Iceland and the Ukraine as well as migrants from Quebec and Ontario. Over 300,000 people moved into Alberta in the first decade of the 20th century.

Archives and Societies

 * Provincial Archives of Alberta Mailing address: 8555 Roper Road, Edmonton AB T6E 5W1


 * Alberta Genealogical Society


 * Alberta Family Histories Society


 * Alberta GenWeb

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Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Canadian: Immigration Records offered by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. We can be contacted at [mailto:wiki@genealogicalstudies.com wiki@genealogicalstudies.com]

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