Judith Basin Indian Reservation

Montana Indians of Montana  Judith_Basin_Indian_Reservation

Judith Basin Indian Reservation
It is a non federally-recognized Indian Reservation in Montana.

Established on August 16, 1873

Principle Tribes -- The Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana, Blackfeet Indians, Flathead Indians including the Kalispel Indians, Pend d'Oreille Indians, and Skokane Indians, and the Nez Perce Indians

Population -- Last census may have been around 1900. Possibly 300 to 400.



History
Above is a map of the Judith Basin Indian Reservation. It was located about 25 miles east of Great Falls, Montana and a couple of miles from Fort Benton, Montana. It covered around 125 townships (each small square box in the the above map represents one township) or 2,880,011 acres or near 4,500 sq. mi. In August of 1873, the government of the United States reached a treaty agreement with certain Little Shell Chippewa Indian leaders and Crow Indian (the Crow Indians had no rightfull claim to the territory) leaders, in which the Judith Basin Indian Reservation was established. It was done without consulting with the highest ranking leaders of the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana. Rightful name of the original Blackfeet Reservation, is either Judith Basin Indian Reservation or Judith River Indian Reservation. The October 17, 1855 Blackfeet Treaty (aka Lame Bull Treaty), was signed near the mouth of the Judith River which is within the Judith Basin Indian Reservation.

What was the Judith Basin Indian Reservation, was located within the boundaries of the original Blackfeet Reservation which was created on September 17, 1851 and approved on October 17, 1855. The treaty text of the October 17, 1855 Treaty, does not mention the Crow Indian Tribe nor the Dakotas. It does mention the Blackfoot Indians, Flathead Indians, and Nez Perce Indians. All are Chippewa, with the Flathead (the Flathead are the Flathead, Kalispel, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokane) being an admixture of Algonquin Chippewa and non Algonquin. The Nez Perce are the Amikwa Chippewa's (the Amikwa Chippewa's are also known as the Nez Perce), who originally lived north of Lake Huron. White encroachment and prophecy led them to migrate west into Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

To the north and bordering the Judith Basin Indian Reservation, was the old Fort Assiniboine Military Reservation which was established in 1879, or about 4 years after the Judith Basin Indian Reservation was eradicated. Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (Montana) is within the old Fort Assiniboine Military Reservation, which indicates a link between the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana, to the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation.

According to Little Shell Chippewa Tribe Attorney, J.B. Bottineau, the population of Little Shell Chippewa's or Chippewa's from the Turtle Mountains, was between 300 and 400 in Montana. In 1904, Bottineau claimed the Chippewa's were temporarily living in the basin in Montana. He was obviously referring to the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation. Some speculate Bottineau was referring to the Montana towns of Basin and Boulder, which are west of the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation.

It is well known among the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana, that they were living where the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation was located, in the late 1870s and 1880s. They claim they established Lewistown, Montana. Lewistown, Montana is within the boundaries of the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation.

What they don't know is the Chippewa's are native to Montana. The Chippewa's did not arrive to what is now Montana until the late 1870s or 1880s. They followed prophecy (the Seven Fires Prophecy) long ago and settled in what is now Montana, centuries before the whites invaded the America's. It is important that the Chippewa's ignore the Metis account of the eventual settlement of what was the original Judith Basin Indian Reservation. The Metis are prone to side with the whites and also prophecy discrepancies or deceptions. Below is a link to a web page about Little Shell Tribe History.

Relocation
In 1908, the Chippewa's of Montana were extremely concerned about the actions of the United States. Four years earlier (1904), the United States passed the McCumber Agreement which is fraudulent. In 1907, the county officials of Silver Bow County warned the Chippewa's that if they didn't leave the county they would be arrested. It coincides with the forced relocation of the Lemhi Shoshone of Idaho who were forced to move to the Fort Hall Reservation in 1907. According to Ottawa author Andrew Blackbird's 1887 book "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan," the Chippewa Language was extensively spoken among the Shoshone People.

In October of 1908, the Swan Valley Massacre happened very near the western border of the Judith Basin Reservation (aka the original Blackfeet Reservation). The Chippewa's of Flathead Reservation were becoming alarmed about the land acts. Chief Rocky Boy negotiated with Senator Dixon about the fear the Chippewa's had about the United States not honoring treaty agreements. Chief Charlo expressed his feelings and told the whites he rather relocate to the plains than live at the Flathead Reservation.

In 1902, chief Rocky Boy negotiated for a Chippewa Reservation in western Montana. White supporters requested for a Chippewa Reservation within the Flathead Reservation which, according to history, was refused. However,

Throughout 1909, negotiations continued. In early November of 1909, an agreement had been reached. It dealt with the surplus land at the Blackfeet Reservation and creating a new Reservation for the Chippewa's within the 3rd Blackfeet Reservation. Several hundred Chippewa's commenced to relocate to their new Reservation within the 4th Blackfeet Reservation. They boarded trains in November of 1909 and reached their new Reservation within a short time. The relocation took some time. Their new Blackfeet Reservation is located between the forks of the Milk River and St. Mary River.

It follows a line directly north and south of the forks of the Milk River, to the Canadian border and Cut Bank Creek. From Cut Bank Creek, it follows a line southeast to Mission Lake. From Mission Lake, it follows a line northeast to Cut Bank. All land east and north of those lines is the surplus land. The surplus land covers around 500 sq. mi. or near 320,000 acres. The surplus land went to the whites. The rest of the Reservation (about 2,250 sq. mi.) is the new Chippewa Blackfeet Reservation chief Rocky Boy negotiated for. It is probably the new 60 township or 2,160 sq. mi. Chippewa Reservation Indian inspector Frank Churchill and chief Rocky Boy, negotiated for in 1908. Most of the Chippewa's who relocated to their new Blackfeet Reservation, lived in southwest and western Montana.

Joseph Paul
It was from the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation, that Joseph Paul would emerge as a leader of the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana. Our earliest accounts of Joseph Paul come from his son Howard Paul. Howard Paul claimed a meeting was held on his family's ranch near Lewistown, Montana in 1921. The meeting was probably about filing a land claim lawsuit about the original Blackfeet Reservation, which the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation was within.

Joseph Paul was either 38 or 42, in 1921. His obituary stated that Joseph Paul was born on October 1, 1883 and died at the age of 75, in 1959. He could not have been born in 1883. His father, Elzear Paul, was without bride. Joseph Paul was born at Fort McGinnis, Montana. He is listed as being one of the 4 children of Elzear Paul's first wife, who died in 1881. There were 2 Forts in Montana with the name Fort McGinnis. One was located just south of Cut Bank, Montana. It was abandoned in 1879. So Joseph Paul may have been born in 1879. The other was located near Lewistown. Birth records claim Joseph Paul was born near the Fort McGinnis near Lewistown.

Joseph Paul was obviously a leader of the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana in 1921 and probably years earlier. He may have known chief Rocky Boy. He may have even known chief Little Shell III and chief Red Thunder. However, they both were arrested in 1895 and forced to relocate to the Turtle Mountain Reservation in Rolette County, North Dakota. The surname, Red Thunder, was well represented during the 1956 census for the Little Shell Tribes community of Hill 57, which is adjacent to Great Falls, Montana. According to the 1956 Hill 57 census, 16 of the Chippewa's living at Hill 57, had Red Thunder as a surname. That's nearly 5% of the population of Hill 57.

Click this www.slideshare.net/anjelwilliams/1956-census-hill-57 to read the 1956 census for Hill 57. By the 1970s, the Hill 57 Chippewa population had declined dramatically. On August 18, 1950, the United States ushered in the Termination period by Terminating the Chippewa's Hill 57 Colony or Rancheria. Chippewa's had bought land at Hill 57 or Mount Royal and were granted each 5 acres of land in the 1930s, by the government of the United States. A few Chippewa's may own land at Hill 57 at this time.

Districts
According to a book (it is the first link listed under References below) written about the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana, even in 1939 the Montana Chippewa's were assigning representatives for districts throughout the original Blackfeet Reservation. The information is on page 119. The original Blackfeet Reservation included 4 distinct land areas which were assigned a land area number. Those numbers are 398, 399, 574, and 565. Districts were located at Wolf Point (565); Hays (565); Harlem (565); Box Elder (565); and Dupuyer (574); Augusta (399); Great Falls (399 and 574); Lewistown (399); and Helena (398).

What happened after 1939 is very suspicious. Joseph Dussome hired a lawyer in 1950 and filed a land claims lawsuit the following year. He was joined by Elizabeth Swan (a representative for the 399 Lewistown district), leaders of Rocky Boy's Reservation, and other Chippewa leaders. What is suspicious about the land claims lawsuit, is they confined their land claim to the land area with the number 565.

It is very obvious the Little Shell Chippewa Indians were continuing to govern the original Blackfeet Reservation in 1939. However, what followed is quite mysterious. Dussome and most of the other Chippewa leaders were from Reservations. They are Fort Belknap, Fort Peck, and Rocky Boy's Reservations. So something is off.

If Dussome was acting as a negotiator rather than a leader, he had no business involving himself with Joseph Paul's government. Since Fort Belknap, Fort Peck, and Rocky Boy's Reservations produced representatives or leaders, who acted on their own according to some accounts, that represents their organization as being unique or not a part of Joseph Paul's government. That in itself represents the Chippewa's led by Paul's government, governing the land areas with the numbers 398, 399, and 574. It includes the Blackfeet Reservation. Dupuyer is less than 10 miles from the Blackfeet Reservation.

So the real Judith Basin Indian Reservation is the land area with the numbers 398, 399, and 574. Included within land area 574, is the Blackfeet Reservation and Glacier National Park. We can also include the Fort Assiniboine Indian Reservation which borders the Judith Basin Indian Reservation. Rocky Boy's Reservation is within the old Fort Assiniboine Indian Reservation or Fort Assiniboine Military Reservation. The first map i can find of the Fort Assiniboine Indian Reservation is from 1887. Some maps were continuing to show the Fort Assiniboine Indian Reservation up to 1904.

What actually transpired at the June 10, 1939 meeting at Joseph Paul's home in Great Falls, Montana is unknown. And we really don't know what transpired at the meeting at Joesph Paul's family's ranch near Lewistown, Montana in 1921. That information is on page 92 of the same book mentioned above. However, Joseph Dussome was there when he shouldn't have been. He was a leader of the Fort Belknap, Fort Peck, and Rocky Boy's Reservations.

So the above map is not a map of the real Judith Basin Indian Reservation. Click this link memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D to visit the Library of Congress website about Indian Land cessions and Reservations. On the bottom of the page are several links. Click on Montana 1. The real Judith Basin Indian Reservation in Montana and Wyoming, has the numbers 398, 399, and 574.

Population
In Great Falls, the Indian population is 3,018 according to the 2010 census. For Cascade County which Great Falls is located in, the 2010 census reported 3,487 Indians. When including mixed bloods the population is 6,434. In Helena, Montana the Indian population is 668 according to the 2010 census. In Lewis and Clark County which Helena is located in, the Indian population is 1,379 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 2,631. In Teton County, the Indian and mixed blood population is 202 according to the 2010 census. In Pondera (pronounced as Pon-der-ay) County which Dupuyer is located in, the Indian population is 890 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 1,036. A small part of the Blackfeet Reservation including the community of Heart Butte, is located in Pondera County. The rest of the Blackfeet Reservations population is around 8,000.

In Fergus County where Lewistown is located, the Indian population is 143 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 316. In Choteau County (much of Rocky Boy's Reservation is located in Choteau County), the Indian population is 1,273 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 1,364. The rest of Rocky Boy's Reservations population is over 2,400. In Beaverhead County, the Indian population is 165 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 315. In Silver Bow County where Butte, Montana is located, the Indian population is 678 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 1,399. In Jefferson County, the Indian population is 165 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 439. In Broadwater County, the Indian population is 84 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 169. In Gallatin County, the Indian population is 849 according to the 2010 census. When including mixed bloods it's 2,507.

Bozemon, Butte, Great Falls, Helena and the counties they are located in, are not located near Reservations yet they have an Indian population including mixed bloods, of 12,971. The remaining counties have an Indian population including mixed bloods, of 3,841. Including Blackfeet Reservation and Rocky Boy's Reservation, the total population is near 30,000. Included are the Blackfeet, Flathead including the Kalispel, Pend d'Oreille, and Spokane, and Nez Perce. Yet they claim the Little Shell Chippewa population is not more than 5,000.

However, that is from those Little Shell Chippewa's who don't know what is going on. They actually have a Joseph Dussome day. Joseph Dussome gave up. He quit. In other words, Joseph Dussome accepted the fraudulent 1904 McCumber Agreement. We know from the book below that the Chippewa's of Montana followed chiefs Little Shell III and Red Thunders demands, to continue to govern the vast Reservation the United States created for the Chippewa's of Montana and Wyoming. On April 5, 1974, the United States again refused to honor the treaties which created the vast Chippewa Reservation. It is not the Chippewa's who are in the wrong. It is the United States that is in the wrong.

Population estimate is for the area where the land areas with the numbers 398, 399, and 574 are located, and the Blackfeet and Rocky Boy's Reservations.

Paul Lineage
In Montana, the first Paul's probably lived in western Montana. Chief Big Face Paul, lived in the Bitterroot Valley. He requested for Christian Missionaries during the 1830s. Father DeSmet eventually made his way to the Bitterroot Valley in the 1840s. Within the Kootenai and Flathead Tribes, there were several leaders with the surname Paul during the 19th century. Even today, the Paul surname within the Flathead Reservation, is still found. However, not as important it was in the 19th century.

Howard Paul eventually became one of the first chairmen of the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana. He was born in 1914, near Lewistown, or near or within the old Judith Basin Indian Reservation. Both the Paul's from central Montana and western Montana, have origins which commenced in Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ontario, and Quebec.

Reference

 * PDF Book about the history of the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana www.indianaffairs.gov/cs/groups/xofa/documents/text/idc-001419.pdf
 * Web page about the history of the Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Central Montana www.littleshelltribe.com/miscdocs/history/1st_Indians_Montana.shtml
 * Lineage of Kootenai Chief Aeneas (Ignace) Paul who was related to the Flathead of western Montana www.swanrange.org/documents/Lineage_of_Chief_Aeneas.pdf
 * The Salish Chiefs (includes Coeur d'Alene, Flathead, Kalispel, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokane) 1840-1910 www.saintmarysmission.org/BitterrootSalish-Chiefs.html
 * A list of all the Algonquian speaking tribes including from western North Americica www.wilkesweb.us/algonquin/nations.htm