Indigenous Peoples of Oklahoma

See also Native American Research in Oklahoma and Oklahoma Indian Tribes

Tribes and Bands of Oklahoma
Alabama, Apache, Apalachee, Anadarko, Arapaho, Biloxi, Caddo, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Chippewa, Camanche, Creek, Delaware, Fox, Hitchiti, Illinois, Iowa, Iroquois, Jicarilla, Kansa, Kaskaskia, Kaw, Kichai, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Koasati, Lipan, Miami, Kikasuki, Missouri, Modoc, Muklasa, Munsee, Muskhogean, Muskogee, Natchez, Nez Perce, Okmulgee, Osage, Oto, Oto-Missouri, Ottawa. Pawnee, Peoria, Piankashaw, Ponca, Potwatomi, Quajpaw, Sauk (Sac and Fox), Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee, Tawakoni, Tawehash, Tonkawa, Tuskegee, Waco, Wea, Wichita, Wyandot, Yscani, Yuchi

Oto-Missouri, Seneca-Cayuga, Cheyenne-Arapaho, Citizen Potawatomi, Eastern Shawnee, Fort Sill Indians, Kiowa-Chiricahua Bands

The Oklahoma Historical Society also has identified the "American Indian Nations" within the boundaries of their state. That list is available on their web site.

Reference


 * Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indian North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethonology, Bulletin #30 1907.


 * Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America (http://www.accessgenealogy.vom ) Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin #145.

Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)
Beginning in the 1820s, the U.S. Government began moving all tribes east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. A series of treaties provided for the removal of almost all principal eastern tribes.

The Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (known as the Five Civilized Tribes) were among the many southeastern tribes who were removed by treaty to Indian Territory. In 1838 the Cherokees who had not already moved voluntarily were forced to move to Indian Territory. This migration became known as the “Trail of Tears.” Large parcels of land were distributed to these five tribes who became self-governing “Nations.”

White settlers moving west after the Civil War pressured the government to extinguish Indian title to lands and relocate the Indians. The alliance between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederacy during the Civil War also provided Congress with an excuse to realign tribal boundaries. Treaties in 1866 and later reduced the land of the Five Civilized Tribes by almost half. These created the “Unassigned Lands” in central Oklahoma that were eventually opened for land runs (see the “Land and Property” section).

Other Tribes
Some of the western land forfeited by the Five Civilized Tribes was reserved for other tribes through later treaties. These lands in the Indian Territory were assigned to tribes such as the Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, and Cheyenne. Other tribes were later brought in at various periods from Texas, Nebraska, California, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, and other states. As many as 65 tribes were eventually relocated to the state, including:


 * Alibamu Kiowa Apache Piankashaw
 * Apache Koasati Ponca
 * Apalachee Lipan Potawatomi
 * Arapaho Miami Quapaw
 * Biloxi Mikasuki Sauk
 * Caddo Missouri Seneca
 * Delaware Modoc Shawnee
 * Fox Muklasa Tawakoni
 * Hitchiti Munsee Tawehash
 * Huron Natchez Tonkawa
 * Illinois Nez Percé Tuskegee
 * Iowa Okmulgee Waco
 * Iroquois Osage Wea
 * Jicarilla Oto Wyandot
 * Kansa Ottawa Yscani
 * Kichai Pawnee Yuchi
 * Kickapoo Peoria

Reservations
As identified in the National Atlas of the United States of America, only the following reservation named in bold is a current federally-recognized reservation:


 * Absentee-Shawnee Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Shawnee
 * Alabama Quassarte Tribal Town
 * Apache Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache
 * Caddo Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Caddo
 * Cherokee Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Thlequah Agency, Tribe: Cherokee
 * Cheyenne-Arapho: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Concho Agency, Tribes: Cheyenne &amp; Arapho
 * Chickasaw Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Ardmore Agency, Tribe:Chickasaw
 * Choctaw Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Talihina Agency, Tribe Choctaw
 * Citizen Potawatomi Tribe (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Potawatomi
 * Comanche Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Comanche
 * Creek Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Okmulgee Agency, Tribe: Creek
 * Delaware Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Delaware
 * Eastern Shawnee Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Shawnee
 * Fort Sill Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache
 * Iowa Tribe (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Iowa
 * Kaw Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Kaw
 * Kickapoo Tribe (OK): under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Aggency, Tribe: Kickapoo
 * Kiowa Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Kiowa
 * Miami Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Miami
 * Modoc Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Modoc
 * Osage Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Osage Agency, Tribe: Osage
 * Otoe-Missouria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe Ote-Missouria
 * Ottawa Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Ottawa
 * Pawnee Tribe: Federal, uncer the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Pawnee
 * Peoria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Peoria
 * Ponca Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agnency, Tribe: Ponca
 * Potawatomi Reservation:
 * Quapaw Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Quapaw
 * Sac and Fox Tribe (OK): federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Sac and Fox
 * Seminole Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Wewoka Agency, Tribe: Seminole
 * Seneco-Cayuga Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Seneco-Cayuga
 * Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
 * Tonkawa Tribe: Federal, underth the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Tankawa
 * United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
 * Whichita Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Whichita
 * Wyandotte Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Wyandotte

Reference


 * Isaacs, Katherine M., Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices. Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E. Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics. Inc., 1991

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

 * Anadarko Agency, P.O. Box 309, Anadarko, OK 73005
 * Ardmore Agency
 * Concho Agency, P.O. Box 96, Concho, OK, 73022
 * Darlington Agency
 * Kiowa Agency
 * Miami Agency, P. O. Box 391, Miami, OK, 74355
 * Neosho Agency 1831-1875
 * Okmulgee Agency, P.O. Box 370, Okmulgee, OK 74447
 * Osage Agency, Pawhuska, OK 74056
 * Pawnee Agency, P. O. Box 440, Pawnee, OK 74058
 * Red Moon Agency
 * Shawnee Agency, Route 5, Box 148, Shawnee, OK 74801
 * Tahlequah Agency, P.O.Box 828, Tahequah, OK, 74465
 * Talihina Agency, P. O. Box Drawer H, Talihina, OK 74571
 * Union Agency 1875-1880
 * Wewoka Agency, P. O. Box 1060, Wewaka, OK, 74884

Reference


 * Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc., 1974.

Schools

 * Armstrong Academy
 * Bloomfield Seminary -- the name was changed to Carter Seminary in 1930.
 * Cantonment School
 * Carter Seminary School
 * Cherokee Orphan Training School -- see Sequoyah Boarding School
 * Chilocco Indian School
 * Concho School
 * Euchee Boarding School (Family History Library has some rec)
 * Eufaula Boarding School
 * Eufaula Dormitory
 * Fort Sill School
 * Jones Academy
 * Mekusukey Academy
 * Nuyaka School
 * Osage Boarding School
 * Otoe School (transferred to Pawnee 1919)
 * Pawnee Boarding School
 * Ponca School (transferred to Pawnee)
 * Red Moon School
 * Riverside School
 * Seger School
 * Seneca Indian School (Family History Library film 1724223)
 * Sequoyah Indian High School
 * Sequoyah Orphan Training School -- see Sequoyah Boarding School
 * Tulahassee Orphan Boarding School
 * Wheelock Academy

Land allotment records
Many Indians received allotments of land. These records are described in the United States Research Outline (30972). A major set relating to Oklahoma is the land allotment records of the Five Civilized Tribes. These records are often referred to as the “Dawes Rolls” (see below).

Dawes Rolls
The Dawes “Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes” was established in 1898 to enroll individuals as citizens of one of the five tribes. When the governments of the Five Civilized Tribes were dissolved in 1908, the U.S. Government granted parcels of their land to qualified native individuals.

Many white persons had married Native Americans, and thus were eligible for land. The enrollment records of the Dawes Commission were used to determine eligibility for land.

The commission reviewed the enrollment applications and abstracted the information onto cards known as Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914. (On 93 Family History Library films beginning with 1490261.) These records document about 101,000 Native Americans. The original applications are at the National Archives—Southwest Region and are on 468 Family History Library films, Applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914, beginning with Family History Library film 1439798.

You can search the Dawes Roll for names of persons.

A helpful guide and index to these records is Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, The Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory.2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, [1907?]. (Family History Library film 908371 item 2.)    (Index is on film 962366.)

Guion Miller Cherokee Rolls
In 1906, the U.S. Government appointed Guion Miller to compile a roll of Cherokees eligible for compensation from the government for lands taken in the 1830s. Applicants had to document their lineage back to an Eastern Cherokee living in the 1830s and prove that they had not affiliated with any other tribe. Over 45,000 applications that document about 90,000 Cherokees living about 1910 are in Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906-1909 (On 348 Family History Library films beginning with 378594; film 378594 has an index.)

These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Records
The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was authorized to administer Indian programs beginning in 1824. A local field agency or subagency of the BIA served the tribes in a given area. Some of the agencies that served Oklahoma were the Concho, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee, Quapaw, and Shawnee. Most of the agency records are at the National Archives—Southwest Region, with a few at the National Archives—Central Plains Region. For further information see Edward E. Hill, comp., Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1981. (Family History Library fiche 6125461.)

The Family History Library has microfilm copies of many records of the BIA and the field agencies including:


 * Land allotment records.
 * Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940, arranged by agencies for the entire United States (On 692 Family Histroy Library films beginning with 573847).
 * BIA heirship, school, census, annuity, probate, land, vital, and other records.

Other Records
The Indian Archives Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society has an extensive collection for Native American research including copies of the Dawes Rolls. Many of these records are on microfilm at theFamily History Library.

Family History Library
These are listed in the Family History Library Catalog under Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division. The Society's collections are described in Lawrence Kelly, “Indian Records in the Oklahoma Historical Society Archives,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma, 54: 227-44 (see the “Periodicals” section of this outline).

Another major repository for Oklahoma Indian records is:

Five Civilized Tribes Museum Federal Building Agency Hill Honor Heights Drive Muskogee, OK 74401 Telephone: 918-683-1701 Fax: 918-683-3070 Internet: www.fivetribes.org


 * Oklahoma Historical Society - Indain Archive Division Cherokee 129 films Family History Library  1st film 1666294, Chickasaw 31 films 1st film 1666136, Choctaw 90 films  1st film 1666451, Creek 51 films Family History Library1st film 1666121, and Seminole 6 films 1st film 1666130
 * Dawes Commission Rolls - Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes (cards, Index M1186 and Applicaiton M1301)
 * Guion Miller Rolls (M1104)
 * Central Superintendency 108 films M856 Family History Library 1st film 1602893
 * Southern Superintendency 22 films M640 Family History Library 1st film 1602871
 * Muskogee Area Office 12 films Family History Library 1st film 1205785
 * Indian Pioneer Papers 1860-1935 1012 fiches Family History Library 1st fiche 6016865

Inventories and guides
The following guides describe some of the records available for Indian research:


 * Debo, Angie. “Major Indian Record Collections in Oklahoma,” in Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox, edited by Jane Smith and Robert Kvasnicka. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.
 * Svoboda, Joseph G. Guide to American Indian Resource Materials in Great Plains Repositories. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies, 1983.

Doris Duke Oral History Project
In the mid-1900s, several universities conducted oral history interviews with Native Americans. The project was funded by Doris Duke, heiress of the Duke tobacco family. The University of Oklahoma was one of the universities that participated in the project. Transcripts of those interviews are online through the University of Oklahoma in Norman.

Other Repositories

 * Oklahoma Historical Society, 2100 North Lincoln Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73105
 * Five Civilized Tribes Agency, Federal Building, Muskogee, Oklahoma 73022