Indigenous Peoples of Michigan

United States Michigan  American Indian Research  Indians of Michigan

Learn about the Indians of Michigan, tribes and bands, state recognized tribes, agencies, and records.

The name Michigan come from a Chippewan Indian word "Michigana" meaning "great or large lake"

Tribes and Bands of Michigan
The following list of tribes and bands of American Indians who have lived in Michigan has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico...  and Swanton's Indian Tribes of North America.


 * Indians of the Midwest
 * Great Lakes Region
 * Natives Michigan
 * Native American and French Settlement Patterns
 * Michigan Tribes
 * Michigan Natives
 * Wikipedia

Tribes:


 * Chippewa

Literature - Welker Chippewa

Tolats Ojib

Native Heritage Project Chippewa

Native Tech

Every Culture

History


 * Delaware

Tolats Delaware


 * Fox - Tolats
 * Huron - see Wyandot

Tolats


 * Kickapoo

Tolats


 * Menominee

Dick Shovel


 * Miami

Dick Shovel


 * Neutrals - Dick Shovel
 * Noquet - Access Genealogy
 * Ottawa

A starting point for doing Ottawa/Odawa Indian genealogy research - Ottawa Indians

Scott Nicholson

Native Languages

Tolats


 * Potawatomi

Trail of Tears - Potawatomi

Potawatomi Traditionals Prairie Band Res. 1930's Part 1

Potawatomi Traditionals Prairie Band Res. 1930's Part 2

Potawatomi Traditionals Prairie Band Res. 1930's Part 3

Tolats


 * Sauk - Tolats
 * Winnebago

Dick Shovel


 * Wyandot
 * Tribal Map

Tribes Recognized by the State of Michigan
Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians,Grand River Band of Ottawa Indians, Gun Lake Village Band of Grand Lake Ottawa Indians, (Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi), Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribe, and Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan,

Bands:


 * Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
 * Croix Band of Chippewa
 * Grand River- Grand River
 * Grand Traverse
 * Keweenaw Bay
 * L'Anse
 * Lac Vieux Desert
 * Little River
 * Little Traverse
 * Mackinac
 * Ontonagon
 * Saginaw - Chippewa
 * Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa
 * Michigan Wikipedia
 * Michigan Government Documents

Agencies and Subagencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Michigan has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Great Lakes Agency
 * Lac du Flambeau Agency
 * Mackinac Agency, 1828-1880
 * Michigan Agency, Federal Square Office Plaza, P.O. Box 884, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783
 * 1838 employees
 * Saginaw Subagency
 * Sault Ste. Marie Agency, 1824-1852

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records
 * Mackinac records

Allotment Records
Allotted Tribes of Michigan

•Isabella Reservation (Chippewa of Saginaw, Sawn Creek and Black River), L’Anse and Vieux Desert, Ontonagon


 * 1836 Ance's Band
 * 1839 Mackinac, Bois Blanc &amp; Round Is.
 * 1839 Shawbwayway's Band
 * 1842 Ance's Band
 * 1842 Mackinac Band

Census Records

 * 1839 Carp River

1860 Indians of Michigan, Index of Indians appearing in the 1860 Federal Census of Michigan; published in Michigan 1860 Federal Census Index (North Salt Lake, UT: Accelerated Indexing Systems International,n.d.) pages 420-425.

Church Records

 * Michilimackinac Marriage Records
 * Mackinac Baptism Records 1810-1821
 * L'Anse - Church Records
 * Oka, Quebec

Families: Indian, Metis
Multiple families:


 * Native American Families
 * Habitant Heritage
 * Research Resources

ALLEN / Naish-ka-ze

Report

ANCE / ANSE

ASKIN
 * Genealogy wise


 * WorldConnect

ASSIGINACK


 * Facebook groups

ASSINIWE


 * Facebook Groups

BAILLEY


 * Rootsweb
 * Chesterton Tribune
 * Facebook Group

BEAUBIEN


 * Facebook Group

BEAUCHAMP / BOUSHAW


 * Facebook Group

BERTRAND

BISSAILON
 * Joseph and Madeleine


 * WorldConnect

BLACKBIRD


 * Facebook Group

BOURASSA


 * Facebook Groups

CADOT(TE)


 * Mathurin Cadeau

CAMPAU


 * Facebook Group

CHEESMAN


 * Genealogy site

CHIPPEWA


 * Facebook Group

COBMOOSA aka WALKER


 * Facebook Groups
 * Facebook Groups

COON / KOON


 * (see attached file)

CORNSTALK


 * Facebook Group

COWN / CANNE / COWAN 


 * Native American Ancestry Mackinac-Metis-Families

DAVENPORT


 * Family Tree Maker

ERMENTINGER


 * Ermentinger Family

ESPIEW


 * Espiew Family

FAGNANT &amp; FONTAINE


 * Mackinac Metis Families

FARLING


 * Facebook Group

GESICK


 * Facebook Groups

GORNOR / GURNOE


 * Facebook Group

GREENSKY


 * Facebook Group

JACKO


 * Facebook Groups

JOHNSTON


 * John-Johnston

KAWBAAHSHE


 * Facebook Group

Kinonchausie


 * WorldConnect

LaFRAMBOISE


 * Michelles Family Tree

(De)LANGLADE


 * Hoxsie Family
 * Facebook Group

LAPINE


 * Facebook Group

LaPLANTE


 * Facebook Group

LEASK


 * Facebook Group
 * WorldConnect1
 * WorldConnect2
 * WorldCpnnect3
 * WorldCenncet4

LEBLANC


 * Facebook Group

LOUISIGNAN


 * Facebook Groups

LOZON


 * Facebook Groups

MADOSH


 * Facebook Groups

MAISHCAW / MAISHKAW


 * Facebook Group

MARCOT


 * WorldConnect

MARTIN - SOUD


 * Habitant Heritage
 * Facebook Group

MASTA(W)


 * Facebook Group
 * Facebook Group

McGULPIN


 * Facebook Groups

McSAWBY


 * McSawby Family

MEEMEE


 * Facebook Group

MONTOUR / MONTURE


 * Family
 * WorldConnect
 * WorldConnect2

Nay-wash-metta-wash Descendants


 * Facebook Groups

(O')FLINN / FLYNN


 * Facebook Group

OTTOWANCE


 * Facebook Group

OZAMICK


 * Facebook Groups

Pay-She-Ne-Ne-Abe descendants


 * Facebook Groups

PONGOWISH


 * Facebook Group

PONTIAC


 * Facebook Groups

PRICKETT


 * Facebook Groups

SABO / SABBOOE


 * Sabbooe Families

SHOMIN


 * Facebook Groups

SHOPPENGON


 * Facebook Group

SOLOMON


 * Facebook Group

ST.ONGE


 * Facebook Group

TANNER


 * Facebook Group

TROT(T)IER


 * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/106050736163832/search/?query=TROTIER%20desc.RTF Facebook Group

TROTOCHAUD


 * Free Pages

WABANIMIKI


 * Facebook Group

Biographies
Miscellaneous leaders, not all resided in Michigan but may have had descendants -

Chippewa Indian Chiefs and Leaders


 * Blackbird, Andrew J.

Andrew Blackbird

Andrew Blackbird

AIS Assets

Michigan Markers

Book Blackbird


 * Cobmoosa

RootsWeb

Wikipedia

Monument

Life

Sketch


 * Minavavana

Genealogy


 * Okemos

Michigan Markers

John Okemos

Chief Okemos

The Writings Okemos

Chief Okemos Mems

Chief Okemos Temp


 * Pontiac

Chief Pontiac

American Indians History

Native Heritage Project

Ottawa Chief Pontiac

Chief Pontiac-Ottawa

Genealogy Trails

Biographic

Pontiac and the Indian Uprising, by H.H. Peckham, 1947.


 * Shawanese, Jonas. Resident of Harbor Springs, Michigan. The first 23 pages consist of a speech pertaining to the Indians of the Cheboygan and Grand Traverse area of Michigan. The paper is supplemented by copies of documents relating to Indian treaties and Indian affairs.
 * Waukazo(o)

Descendants


 * Wolfe, Payson

Payson-Wolfe

History Grand Rapids

Wiki Tree

RootsWeb

Burt Lake Band

 * Burt Lake Indians(FRIDAY, Matthew J. “Morality vs. Legality: Michigan’s Burt Lake Indians and the Burning of Indianville,” MICHIGAN hISTORICAL REVIEW, 33:1, 109-123.)

MICHIGAN HISTORY magazine, Jan/Feb 2016 issue has an article “The Burt Lake Burn-Out”

by Eric Hemenway.

Miscellaneous

 * Onalee Jean CableA short history and description of the Ojibbeway Indians


 * The childhood of Ji-shib, the Ojibwa
 * Ojibwa Texts
 * Letters on the Mission to the Ojibwa Indians
 * The Mideẃiwin: Or "Grand Medicine Society" of the Ojibwa
 * A short history and description of the Ojibbeway Indians
 * Preliminary survey of the remains of the Chippewa settlements on La Pointe
 * History of the Ojebway Indians
 * The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation
 * Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes
 * Chippewa Music
 * Claims Against Certain Chippewa Bands
 * The Dream Dance of the Chippewa and Menominee Indians
 * History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan
 * Catholic Encyclopedia
 * Suggested Reading List: Potawatomi
 * The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley
 * Uses of plants by the Chippewa Indians
 * NARRATIVE OF AN Attempt to Establish a Mission Among the Chippewa Indians of Canada
 * Anishinabe: 6 studies of modern Chippewa
 * The Indian in Michigan
 * Memorial of the Chippeway, Pottawatomy and Ottawa Indians
 * Retracing Detroit's Native American Trails
 * Cass County
 * Village life

Indian Schools
The Office of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.

In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on American Indian children. (read more...)

The following list of Indian Schools in Michigan has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Bay Mills School
 * Bena School
 * Mt. Pleasant Indian School

Language

 * Anishinaabemowin
 * Bird Nomenclature of the Chippewa Indians
 * A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language
 * Native Tech
 * Dictionary
 * Native Language
 * A Cheap and Concise Dictionary of the Ojibway and English Languages: English
 * A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English: Part I
 * A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English: Part II
 * Wikipedia

Lists, Census and Payment Rolls

 * Michigan Education Library
 * Family History
 * 1836 mixed-blood list and another list
 * 1839 mixed-blood list It should be noted that the list with notes are published in -  All our relations: Chippewa mixed bloods and the Treaty of 1837, (Theresa M. Schenck).
 * 1842 Mix-bloods
 * Sioux and Chippewa Half-breed Scrip
 * Ziibiwing Center listing
 * Lantz, Raymond C. - Ottawa &amp; Chippewa Indians of Michigan, 1870-1909.  “ - Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan, 1855-1868.   “ - Potawatomi Indians of Michigan, 1843 – 1904.
 * Government records

Maps

 * Facebook Photo
 * 1996 locations
 * Canoe Trade Routes
 * Fur Trade Routes
 * Indian Trails
 * Archaeological Atlas
 * Early Settlement
 * 200 years ago

Military Engagements
Battle of Skull Island

Massacre at Fort Mackinac


 * Pontiac's Uprising

Facebook Groups

History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac - History of Pontiac


 * Civil War

Company K 1st Michigan Sharpshooters Civil War Veterans Facebook Groups

General info - Civil War Talk

Civil War Talk Threads

Indians at Brompton

Discussions

Civil War Vet

Vets


 * Articles

“The Bravery of Company K”, by Elizabeth Edwards, in TRAVERSE, Northern Michigan’s Magazine, Feb. 2003, p.50.

“The Chippewa Sharpshooters of Company K”, by Ted Alexander, in CIVIL WAR, Sep-Oct 1992, p.24.

“Unlike the Apache, Michigan’s Ottawa Indians chose to fight for the American government, not against it” (editorial R.M.), America’s Civil War, Jul 1996, p.6.

“Into the Abyss”, by Laurence M. Hauptman, in Civil War Times, Feb. 1997, p.47.

Family History Library
Michigan Superintendency of Indian Affairs 1814-1851.

Northern Superintendency 1851-1876. M1166

Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan, 1855-1868. by Raymond Clyde Lantz. WorldCat

Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan, 1870-1909. by Raymond Clyde Lantz. WorldCat

FamilySearch Catalog Michigan Native Races

Queries: Messages Boards &amp; Mailing Lists

 * Native American &gt; Intertribal &gt; Michigan
 * Native American &gt; Nations &gt; Chippewa / Ojibwe &gt; Chippewa / Ojibwe
 * Native American &gt; Nations &gt; Metis &gt; Metis
 * Native American &gt; Nations &gt; Ottawa &gt; Ottawa
 * Ethnic-Native: NISHNAWBE Mailing List
 * Ethnic-Native: NAOTTAWA Mailing List
 * Ethnic-Native: THREE-FIRES Mailing List
 * Facebook
 * Native American Access Genealogy
 * Ethnic-Native: THREE-FIRES Mailing List
 * Michigan Native American Ancestry

Reservations
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

For a current reservation map -Michigan – Indian Reservations- The National Atlas of the United States of America. Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. Those reservations named in bold are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.


 * Bay Mills Reservation: Federal, under jurisdiction of Michigan Agency, Tribe: Chippewa
 * Chippewa Reservation:
 * Grand Traverse Reservation: State, under jurisdiction of Michigan Agency, Tribe: Chippewa and Ottawa
 * Hannahville Community: Federal, under jurisdiction of Michigan Agency, Tribe: Potawatomi
 * Huron Potawatomi Reservation: Federal recognized,Tribe Potawatomi
 * Isabella (Saginaw) Reservation: Federal, under jurisdiction of Michigan Agency, Tribe: Saginaw Chippewa
 * L'Anse (Keweenaw Bay) Reservation: Federal, under jurisdiction of Michigan Agency, Tribe: Lake Supior Band Chippeewa
 * Little River Reservation
 * Little Traverse Bay Bands Reservation
 * Michigan Reservation: 1837-1848
 * Ontonagon Reservation: State,1854
 * Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians
 * Sault Ste. Marie Reservation: State, under jurisdiction of Michigan Agency, Tribe:

Treaties

 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, ETC., 1808
 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1819
 * TREATY WITH THE OTTAWA AND CHIPPEWA, 1820
 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1837 Jan. 14, 1837
 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1837 Dec. 20, 1837
 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1838
 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA, 1839
 * TREATY WITH THE CHIPPEWA OF SAGINAW, ETC., 1855
 * TREATY WITH THE POTAWATOMI, 1826
 * Native American Treaties: Their Ongoing Importance to Michigan Residents
 * Saginaw, Swan Creek &amp; Black River Chippewa

Anishnawbe Genealogy Research – comp. by James P. LaLone, rev. Apr. 2013
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bantin, Philip C. &amp; Mark G. Thiel - Guide to Catholic Indian Mission and School Records in Midwest Repositories. (intro online) - CATHOLIC INDIAN MISSION AND SCHOOL RECORDS IN MIDWEST REPOSITORIES Baraga, Frederick - Chippewa Indians as Recorded by Rev. Frederick Baraga in 1847. Baraga, Frederick – A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. (available through Google books) Barce, Elmore – The Land of the Potawatomi (Google book). Barr, Charles Butler - Guide to Sources of Indian Genealogy. Bellfy, Phil – Three Fires Unity. The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands. Blackbird, Andrew J. - History of the Ottawa &amp; Chippewa Indians of Michigan. (Google book) Blair, Emma Helen - Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes. (Google book) Buechner, Cecilia Bain – The Pokagons. Bussey, M.T. comp., with legends by Simon Otto – Aube Na Bing: A Pictorial History of Michigan Indians Carpenter, Cecelia Svinth - How to Research American Indian Blood Lines: A Manual on Indian Genealogical Research. Chaput, Donald – Michigan Indians, A Way of Life Changes. Cleveland, Charles E. - Rites of Conquest: the History &amp; Culture of Michigan's Native Americans. Clifton, James A. - The Pokagons, 1683-1983. Copway, George - Traditional History &amp; Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation. Dawes, Charles E. – Dictionary English-Ottawa, Ottawa-English. Diedrich, Mark – Ojibway Chiefs: Portraits of Anishinaabe Leadership. Dinsmore, Dorothy Stott &amp; Anne M. Hallock - Indian Dave's Travels: a Colorful Character. Dowd, James – Built Like a Bear, Shabni (He Has Pawed Through). Edmunds, R. David - Kinsmen Through Time: an Annotated Bibliography of Potawatomi History. Edmunds, R. David - The Potawatomi, Keepers of the Fire. Eklund, Coy – Chippewa (Ojibwa) Language Book. Englebert, Robert &amp; Guillaume Teasdale (eds.) – French and Indians in the Heart of North America. 1630-1815 Faux, David K. – Understanding Ontario First Nations Genealogical Records, Sources and Case Studies. Genser, Wallace – “Habitants, Half-Breeds, and Homeless Children: Transformations in Metis and Yankee-Yorker Relations in Early Michigan”, in THE MICHIGAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, v.24, #1, Spring, 1978, pp.23-47. Gilman, Carolyn, et al. – Where Two Worlds Meet: The Great Lakes Fur Trade. Gruett, Phillip - Indian Family History (1868). Unpublished mss. (now online) Hale, Duane Kendall - Researching &amp; Writing Tribal Histories. Hele, Karl S., editor, - Lines Drawn Upon the Water: First Nations and the Great Lakes Borders and Borderlands. Hickson, Harold – The Chippewa and Their Neighbors. A Study in Ethnohistory. (revised edition) Hill, Edward E. - Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Hill, Edward E. - Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Howe, Frances R. (edited by James Dowd) – Story of a French Holmstead in the Old Northwest Hulst, Cornelia Steketee – Indian Sketches, Pere Marquette and the Last of the Pottawatomie Chiefs. Ilko, John A. – An Annotated Listing of Ojibwa Chiefs. Johnson, Steven L. - Guide to American Indian Documents in the Congressional Serial Set, 1817-1899. Johnston, Basil H. - Anishinaubae Thesaurus. Jones, Peter - History of the Ojebway Indians. Karamanski, Theodore J. – Blackbird’s Song. Andrew J. Blackbird and the Odawa People Kelton, Dwight H. – Indian Names of Places Near the Great Lakes. (Google books) Kinietz, Vernon – Chippewa Village, The Story of Katikitegon. Kinietz, Vernon - The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760. Kirkham, E. Kay - Our Native Americans and Their Records of Genealogical Value, 2 vls. Kohl, Johann Georg - Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway Kubiak, William J. – Great Lakes Indians, a Pictorial Guide. Lantz, Raymond C. - Ottawa &amp; Chippewa Indians of Michigan, 1870-1909. “ - Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan, 1855-1868. “ - Potawatomi Indians of Michigan, 1843 – 1904. Matson, N. – Memories of Shaubena, With Incidents Relating to the Early Settlement of the West. (Google book) McClurken, James M. – Our People, Our Journey: The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians. McDonald, Daniel – Removal of the Pottawattomie Indians from Northern Indiana.

McDonald, Michael A. - Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America Minnesota Historical Society - Chippewa &amp; Dakota Indians: a Subject Catalog of Books, Pamphlets, Periodical Articles &amp; Manuscripts in the Minnesota Historical Society. Murdock, George P. &amp; Timothy O'Leary - Ethnographic Bibliography of North America, 5 vols. Murphy, Lucy Eldersveld – A Gathering of Rivers: Indians, Metis, and Mining in the Western Great Lakes, 1737-1832. National Archives &amp; Record Service - Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives, see Chap. 11, p. 157, "Records of American Indians". National Archives Trust Fund - American Indians: a Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Neal, Henry S., et al. – Half-Breed Script. Chippewas of Lake Superior. (Google book) Nichols, John D. &amp; Earl Nyholm – A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. O’Meara, F. – Report of a Mission to the Otahwahs and Ojibwas on Lake Huron. (Google book) Peacock, Thomas &amp; Marlene Wisun – Ojibwe Waasa Inaabidaa, We Look in All Directions. Peers, Laura, - The Ojibwa of Western Canada, 1780-1870. Rafert, Stewart - "American-Indian Genealogical Research in the Midwest: Resources and Perspectives" in the NATIONAL GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY QUARTERLY, v.76 #3, Sept. 1988, pp.212-224. Ritzenthaler, Robert E. &amp; Pat – The Woodland Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Rhodes, Richard A. – Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Ruoff, A. LaVonne Brown &amp; Donald B. Smith, editors – Life, Letters &amp; Speeches; George Copway (Kahgegagahbowh). Schenck, Theresa M. – All Our Relations. Chippewa Mixed Bloods and the Treaty of 1837. “ - William W. Warren, The Life, Letters, and Times of an Ojibwe Leader. Schmalz, Peter S. – The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario. Schmalz, Peter S. – “The Roll of the Ojibwa in the Conquest of Southern Ontario, 1650-1751”, in ONTARIO HISTORY, v. 76, #4, Dec. 1984, pp.326-52. Sleeper-Smith, Susan – Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes. Smith, Donald B. - Sacred Feathers: the Reverend Peter Jones (Kahkewaquonaby) &amp; the Mississauga Indians. Soetebier, Virginia M. – Woman of the Green Glade. The Story of an Ojibway Woman on the Great Lakes Frontier. Swierenga, Robert P. &amp; William VanAppledorn – Old Wing Mission. Tanner, Helen Hornbeck - Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. Tanner, Helen Hornbeck - The Ojibwas: a Critical Bibliography. US Government - LETTERS RECEIVED, 1824-1881(microfilm publication M234). US Government - REGISTERS OF LETTERS, (film M18). Vogel, Virgil J. - Indian Names in Michigan. Warren, Paula Stuart – “Native Sons and Daughters” in FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE, April 2004, v.5, #2, pp.38-43. Warren, William W. - History of the Ojibway People (aka - History of the Ojibway Nation). Weeks, George – Mem-ka-weh. Dawning of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. White, Richard - The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires &amp; Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. Widder, Keith Robert – Battle for the Soul: Métis Children Encounter Evangelical Protestants at Mackinac Mission, 1823-1837. Willard, Shirley &amp; Susan Campbell – Potawatomi Trail of Death – 1838 Removal from Indiana to Kansas

Webpages

 * Native Americans In Michigan
 * The Sneakers website
 * FAMILY TIES
 * Native American Studies Research Guide: Michigan's American Indian Heritage