User:Lionelfullwood/Sandbox6

England Yorkshire  Bradford

Guide to Bradford history, family history, and genealogy: parish registers, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.



History
Newcastle-Upon Tyne (to be distinguished from Newcastle-under Lyme in Staffordshire) is the premier city of northwest England.

Newcastle upon Tyne, known commonly and locally as just Newcastle, is located on the north bank of the river Tyne. It is about 280 miles north of London, but in close proximity to Leeds, Sheffield, and Manchester. It is about 9 miles from the North Sea, and the river is navigable for oceangoing vessels as far as the city docks.

The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group—a suite of sandstones, mud-stones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mud-stones of the Stainmore Formation. The area to the west of the city has been known for centuries as the source of much of the coal for north east England.

The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000.

The Emperor Hadrian is known in history as the roman Emperor who commissioned the structure known as Hadrian's Wall. This wall, a huge civil undertaking, stretches across northern England from the west to the East, and was about 85 miles long. It's function was to act as a barrier or deterrent for the marauding Scottish hordes that were pillaging northern England.

Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road.

After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and became known throughout this period as Monkchester. Conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux.

Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087. The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.

Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589.

In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.

Cemeteries (Civil)

 * Newcastle cemeteries and graves


 * Findagrave, West Road cemetery


 * Findagrave Heaton cemetery


 * Findagrave All Saints cemetery


 * Findagrave Old Jesmond cemetery

Parishes
The city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne includes the following pre-1850 parishes, in order of founding date:


 * St Nicholas (the original parish church, with records from 1558) St Nicholas became a cathedral church when the Diocese of Newcastle was created in 1882 and is now St Nicholas Cathedral one of the smaller cathedrals in England.
 * All Saints (ancient chapelry, created as a separate parish in 1808, with records from 1600)
 * St Andrew (ancient chapelry, created as a separate parish in 1808, with records from 1597)
 * St John (ancient chapelry, created as a separate parish in 1808, with records from 1587)
 * St Anne (chapelry, created as a separate parish from All Saints in 1843)
 * St Peter (created as a separate parish from St Andrew's in 1844)
 * All Saints, St. John the Baptist, and St. Andrew.

Newcastle upon Tyne parish registers of christenings, marriages and burials are available online for the following years:

To find the names of the neighbouring parishes, use England Jurisdictions 1851. In this site, search for the name of the parish, click on the location "pin", click Options and click List contiguous parishes.

Non Conformists
Other Christian groups meeting regularly in Newcastle include:


 * Apostolic Church
 * Baptists
 * Chinese Christian
 * Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
 * Greek Orthodox
 * Jehovah's Witnesses
 * Methodist
 * Pentecostal
 * Presbyterian
 * Roman Catholic
 * Salvation Army Church
 * Seventh Day Adventists

Non Christian faiths include the following:


 * Buddhist
 * Hindu
 * Humanists
 * Muslim
 * Sikh

Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The following article civil registration tells more about these records.

Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths:


 * Address:
 * Civic Centre
 * Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8PS, UK
 * Phone:+44 191 278 7878


 * Newcastle BMD records


 * UKBMD; Northumberland


 * Forebears.io; Northumberland

Local Histories

 * local histories: Newcastle upon Tyne


 * British History: Newcastle


 * [https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf Newcastle City Council History of Newcastle}


 * The History of Newcastle upon Tyne by Henry Bourne


 * Newcastle upon Tyne, A Modern History by Robert Colls

Maps and Gazetteers

 * Google Maps: Newcastle upon Tyne


 * Old maps of Newcastle


 * Newcastle street map


 * Vision of Britain: Newcastle


 * forebears Newcastle

Newspapers

 * The Chronicle Live


 * The Journal Daily

Occupations
Newcastle is the commercial, educational and, in partnership with nearby Gateshead, the cultural focus for North East England. As part of Tyneside, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK GVA. The Central Business District is in the center of the city, bounded by Haymarket, Central Station and the Quayside areas.

While the major industries of ship building and coal mining have declined, Newcastle is building up a core of employers in the electronics, aerospace, and banking arenas. There are also several major Universities within the city proper, and this contributes to the potential for educators in the region.

Finally retailing is huge in the city, and contributes significantly to the economy. In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail center expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Center. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Center, one of the largest city center shopping complexes in the UK. The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.

Societies

 * Northumberland and Durham Genealogy Society


 * Local Newcastle genealogy records


 * Forebears, Newcastle


 * genuki Northumberland


 * Newcastle City Council Family History

Archives
Tyne and Wear Archive Services:


 * Address:
 * Newcastle Discovery
 * Blandford Square
 * Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4JA, UK
 * Phone: +44 191 277 2248


 * Tyne and Wear Archives
 * The National Archives: Newcastle
 * Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums

Web Sites

 * Newcastle City Council


 * Northumberland County Council