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The original content for this article was contributed and update by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies in June 2012. It is an excerpt from their courses Methodology - Part 1: Getting Started, Methodology - Part 2: Organizing and Skillbuilding, Methodology - Part 3: More Strategies, Methodology - Part 4: Effective Searching and Recording, Methodology - Part 5: How To Prove It, and Methodology - Part 6: Professional Preparation and Practice, by Louise St Denis, Brenda Dougall Merriman and Dr. Penelope Christensen. The Institute offers over 200 comprehensive genealogy courses. ________________________________________

DEFINITIONS

Genealogy & Family History

Genealogy is the study of ancestors beginning with (but not limited to) the basic compilation of names, dates and places (NDP). One should collect seven facts for everyone; their full name plus the dates and places of birth, marriage and death. The basic collection of such information produces useful summary charts such as a pedigree, family group sheets and family trees.

Family History has been interpreted as a wider-ranging effort to gather much more information about each ancestor—putting the leaves on the tree, plus the blossoms and fruits—including the bad apples! (As per the list below)

In reality the distinction between the two terms is fading. Both work (or should aspire) to find and record as much biographical and extra information as possible about any given ancestor—his life and times—in contextual terms of geography, contemporary social conditions, religious influences and legal applications that affect him, and so on. But, both genealogists and family historians must begin with what are called the basic building blocks or the skeleton outline of NDP for vital events in their lives.

We want to know: •	what our ancestors looked like •	what they wore •	what trade or profession they had •	where they worked •	what they were really like •	where they lived and about their household possessions •	their religion •	how they were affected by historical events •	where they went to school (if they did) and what they learned there •	how they lived from day to day •	why they moved from place to place every 2-3 generations •	and even what they thought about their relatives!

In most cases all this can be sought and found through acceptable standard techniques and procedures. Abbreviations Used in Family History

The family historian should be aware of standard sets of abbreviations such as the Chapman County Codes, (which also now include countries), lists of which are found in any book which uses them, such as The Genealogical Research Directory (Johnson & Sainty). Other indexers may have had to develop abbreviations to suit their particular purposes and it is always smart to find where these are located before you look at such an index. For example, you will find a listing of both the Relationship-to-Head and Where-Born (County/Country) abbreviations used in the 1881 census index of Great Britain wherever you find that index. Searchers are apt to make assumptions that the codes are identical to the Chapman County Codes, or to postal abbreviations, or other common systems. If they do, they miss out on a lot of useful information.

Symbols (crossed swords)	died in battle 18:44, 13 May 2013 (UTC) (wavy line)	illegitimate child /\/\/\/\/\/\/ (zig-zag line)	Adopted child <	Less than; Before =	marriage >	Greater than; After ?	Perhaps; unsubstantiated data 	Descendants (issue) known +	Parish Register entry 	Have copy of parish register entry †	(a dagger) death oo	marriage 1Q, 2Q, 3Q, 4Q	1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarters of year 4d	4 days, or 4 pence 1c2r	First cousin once removed (etc), see Chart 19 2GG	2nd great grandparent 3s	3rd son, or 3 shillings 6m	6 months 7br, 7bris, VIIbr, VIIber, VIIbris	September (before 1752 in England & its dominions) it was the 7th month. Date change varies from 1582 to 1918 in other countries. 8br, 8bris, VIIIbr, VIIIber, VIIIbris	October (likewise—8th month) 9br, 9bris, IXbr, IXber, IXbris	November (likewise—9th month) 10br, 10bris Xbr, Xber, Xbris	December (likewise—10th month) 10w	10 weeks 18c	18th century
 * 1) 	From IGI
 * Have copy of certificate
 * born

________________________________________ Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online courses Methodology - Part 1: Getting Started, Methodology - Part 2: Organizing and Skillbuilding, Methodology - Part 3: More Strategies, Methodology - Part 4: Effective Searching and Recording, Methodology - Part 5: How To Prove It, and Methodology - Part 6: Professional Preparation and Practice offered by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website at http://www.genealogicalstudies.com. We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page.