Shoshone Tribes

United States American Indians  Idaho  Montana  Nevada  Oregon  Utah  Wyoming  Indians of Idaho  Indians of Montana  Indians of Nevada  Indians of Oregon  Indians of Utah  Indians of Wyoming  

Alternate Names: Shoshoni

Duckwater Shoshone:
Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation P.O. Box 140068 Duckwater, Nevada 89314 Telephone: 1-702-863-0227 Fax: 1-702-863-0301

Ely Shoshone:
Ely Shoshone Tribe 16 Shoshone Circle Ely, Nevada 89301 Telephone: 1-702-289-3013 Fax:1-702-289-3156

Fallon Band of Paiute-Shoshone
Fallon Band of Paiute-Shoshone 8955 Mission Road Fallon, Nevada 89406 Telephone: (=1-702-423-6075 Local call from the Reno area: 323-3780 Fax:1-702-423-5202

Shoshone-Bannock
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation P.O. Box 306 Fort Hall, ID 83203-0306 Phone: 1.208.238.3700 Fax: 1.208.237.0797

South Fork Shoshone
South Fork Shoshone HC 30 Box B-13 Elko, Nevada 89801 Telephone: 1-702-744-4273 Fax:1-702-744-4523

Wells Shoshone
Wells Shoshone P.O. Box 809 Wells, Nevada 89835 Telephone: 1-702-752-3045

Yomba Band of Shoshone
Yomba Band of Shoshone HC 61 Box 6275 Austin, Nevada 89310 Telephone: 1-702-964-2463 Fax:1-702-964-2443

History
The ancestral homeland of the Shoshone was in the Mountain West. At an early point in history the tribe sub divided into:The Eastern Shoshone, Northern Shoshone and the Southern Shoshone. The Eastern Shoshone lived near Grand Teton and Wind River Mountains. The Northern Shoshone ranged through southern Idaho, eastern Oregon and northern Nevada. The Southern Shoshone lived in Nevada, Wyoming and Utah.

The tribes early contact with non-Indians included the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Jedediah Smith and fur traders and trapers at the Rocky Mountain rendezvous. The first rendezvous was promoted by Jedediah Smith in 1825. A prominent Shoshone: Sacajawea joined the Lewis and Clark Expedition-1803-06

In 1841 immigrants began moving to the west and northwest by way of the Oregon and California trails. Both of these trails cut through the homeland of the Shoshoni and Bannock tribes. Problems occurred as the resources of the area were drained by many immigrants going west. These trails provided a "highway" for over twenty years serving the forty-niners and silver seekers headed to California, Nevada and the northwest.

A military campaign of 300 soldiers led by Colonel Patrick Conner in January of 1863, killed 224 Indians this became known as the Bear River Massacre.

In 1863 four treaties were ratified, with the Eastern Shoshone, Shoshone-Northwestern Bands, Western Shoshoni and the the Shoshoni-Goship.

The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad completed their lines and came together at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869.

1860-70 assigned to reservations

Significant Tribal Leaders

 * Treaties below will provide the names of the Indians who signed the Treaty


 * Sacajaawea


 * Chief Little Soldier


 * Chief Pocatello


 * Chief Bear Hunter
 * Chief Washakie

Significant individuals who interacted with the Tribe

 * Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
 * Jedediah Smith
 * Colonel Patrick Donner
 * Indian Agents and Superintendents see the Agency pages and *Superintendancy pages.
 * The Treaties below will provide the names of government officials, agents, and military leaders involved with the Treaty

Brief Timeline

 * 1782: Smallpox epidemic
 * 1803-06: Lewis and Clark Expedition
 * 1825: Jedediah Smith
 * 1825: First Rocky Mountain rendezvous at Green River in Wyoming
 * 1841-1869: The Oregon and California Trails both go right through the homeland of the Shoshoni and Bannock.
 * 1847: Mormons settled in the Great Salt Lake valley
 * 1849: Gold was discovered in California
 * 1855: Treaty
 * 1857: Comstock Lode - Silver in Nevada
 * 1862: Colonel Patrick Conner founded Fort Douglas Salt Lake City
 * 1863: January 29, Bear River Massacre, Campaign lead by Colonel Patrick Conner, 300 soldiers, 224 Indians killed; only 22 soldiers killed
 * 1863: July, Treaty
 * 1868: Treaty
 * 1869: Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad met at Promontory Point, Utah
 * 1860-1870: All Shoshone bands assigned to reservations
 * 1870s Lack of sufficient rations continuing problem at Fort Hall
 * 1878: Bannock War
 * 1878: A band - Sheepeaters, including Bannock and Shoshone Indians, were part of an uprising in the Salmon River Mountains of Idaho.
 * 1880s: Railroad Rights-of-Way
 * 1896: April 21, the Shoshone and Arapahoe tribes signed an agreement for the sale of the Owl Creek or Big Horn Hot Spring. (Senate Doc. no. 247. 54th Congress 1st Session, pages 3-6)
 * 1982: Western Shoshone federally recognized

Bands, Groups and Subdivisions
The term or designation of Shoshone Indians is a very broad categorization of several bands and/or federally recognized tribes within the group so named. For the most part, they have historically lived in the Great Basin area, and have ranged from Oregon and Idaho on the north to Arizona and southern California on the south, and from Wyoming on the east to northern California on the west. They were often referred to as the Snakes. Some of the tribes, bands, or groups of Shoshone, with their colonies or reservations, include:


 * Death Valley Shoshone -- see Timbisha Shoshone
 * Duckwater Shoshone -- Duckwater Reservation (Nevada)
 * Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada -- Ely Colony (Nevada)
 * Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes -- Fort McDermitt Reservation (Nevada and Oregon)
 * Mountain Shoshone or Sheepeaters -- Fort Lemhi and Fort Hall Reservation(Idaho and Montana)
 * Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation of Utah (Washakie)
 * Paiute-Shoshone Indians -- Bishop Colony (California)
 * Paiute-Shoshone Indians -- Fallon Reservation and Colony (Nevada)
 * Paiute-Shoshone Indians -- Lone Pine Reservation (California)
 * Ruby Valley Shoshone
 * Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation -- Wind River Reservation (Wyoming)
 * Shoshone-Bannock Tribes -- Fort Hall Reservation (Idaho)
 * Shoshone-Paiute Tribes -- Duck Valley Reservation (Idaho and Nevada)
 * Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone


 * Battle Mountain Band -- Battle Mountain Colony (Nevada)
 * Elko Band -- Elko Colony (Nevada)
 * South Fork Band -- South Fork Reservation (Nevada)
 * Wells Band -- Wells Colony (Nevada)


 * Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
 * Weiser (Eagle Eye's) Band
 * Western Shoshone Reservation in Duck Valley on the Nevada-Idaho border.
 * Yomba Western Shoshone Tribe -- Yomba Reservation (Nevada)

Additional References

 * Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Shoshone tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods.
 * A brief history of the Northwestern Bands of the Shoshoni Indians is available inline.
 * Another brief history is also available online.

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records

Agencies
The following agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs had jurisdiction over the Shoshone for the time periods indicated. BIA agencies were responsible to keep such records as census rolls, allotment (land) records, annuity rolls, school records, correspondence, and other records of individual Indians under their jurisdiction. For details, see the page for the respective agency.


 * Wind River Agency
 * Fort Hall Agency
 * Western Shoshone Agency
 * Carson Agency
 * Shoshoni Agency
 * Walker River Agency

Superindenencies
Idaho Superintendency

Census Records
The 1900 federal census included population schedules for the Shoshone Indians of Northern Utah. These schedules were not classified in the Bureau of Census records as a separate district, but were simply included in District 207, Portage Precinct in Box Elder County, Utah. However, the Shoshone Indians in this precinct are recorded on Indian Population Schedules

The Bureau of Indian Affairs compiled annual Indian Census Rolls on many of the reservations from 1885 to 1940. They list the names of individuals, their age, and other details about each person enumerated. For more information about these records, click here.

1894 Census of the Bannock and Shoshone Indians of Fort Hall, Idaho. by Thomas Benton Teter.

The following table lists the census rolls for the Shoshone Indians:

Annuity
1901-1910 Annuity Payments Fort Hall Agency for Bannock and Shoshone at the National Archives

1898-1905; 1907-1910;1911-1935; 1937-1947 Annuity Payments Shoshone Annuity rolls. at the National Archives.

The above taken from:


 * Hart, Royal. List of the Rolls of Annuity Payments Made to Indians. Record Group 75, GSA, Washington D.C. 1954.

Allotment
Duck River Reservation, Nevada and Idaho. Paiute and Shoshoni - not allotted.

Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho. Shos;honi, Bannock - Allotted.

Wind River Reservation, Wyoming. NOther Araphao, Shoshoni - Allotted

Enrollment
Enrollment requirements are contained in Tribal Constitutions.

Treaties
During the latter part of the 18th Century and most of the 19th Century, treaties were negotiated between the federal government and individual Indian tribes. The treaties provide helpful information about the history of the tribe, but usually only include the names of those persons who signed the treaty. For more information about treaties, click here.

Treaties to which the Shoshone Indians were a part were:


 * 1855 June 9, referred to in Wallawalla Treaty
 * 1863 July 2, at Fort Bridger, with Eastern Shoshone
 * 1863 July 30, at Box Elder Shoshone-Northwestern Bands
 * 1863 October 1,at Ruby Valley with Western Shoshoni
 * 1863 October 12, at Tuilla Valley with Shoshoni-Goship
 * 1868:at Fort Bridger Eastern Band Shoshoni and Bannock

Tribal Office Records
The Tribal Office is responsible for enrollment records, vital records, tribal police records, tribal court records, employment records and many others. They are an entirely different set of records from those kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Most of them remain in the Tribal Office. For details, contact that office at the address for the Tribal Headquarters listed above.

Vital Records
Prior to the Indian Reorganization Act, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, through their agencies, may have recorded some vital events. Some were recorded on health forms, such as the "Sanitary Record of Sick, Injured, Births, Deaths, etc." Others were recorded as supplements to the "Indian Census Rolls." Some were included in the unindexed reports and other correspondence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Some vital records for the Shoshone Indians include:


 * Wind River Agency, M595,

Births and deaths 1938-39, FHL Film: 583122 Births and deaths 1924-1932, FHL Film: 581878


 * Fort Hall Agency, M595,

Birth and deaths, FHL Film: 576497 Births and deaths 1924-1934, FHL Film: 576498 and 576499

Census
1894 Census of the Bannock and Shoshone Indians of Fort Hall, Idaho. by Thomas Benton Teter.

1885, 1890-1893, 1895-1899 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. FHL film 581873 (M595 roll 498)

1900-1911 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. FHL film 581874 (M595 roll 499)

1912-1918 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. FHL film 581875 (M595 roll 500)

1919-1925 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. FHL film 581876 (M595 roll 501)

1926-1929 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. FHL film 581877 (M595 roll 502

1930-1932 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho, Wind River Reservation. Births and Deaths - 1922, 1924-1931. FHL film 581878 (M595 roll 503)

1933-1937 Shoshoni Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. FHL film 581879 (M595 roll 504)

1930-1931 Walker River Agency, Carson Nevada. Paiute, Monache, Shoshoni, and Washo Indians. FHL film 583090 (M595 roll 631)

1931-1932 Carson Agency, Nevada. Paiute, Shoshone. Death roll, 1925-1931 and Birth roll, 1925-1931. FHL film 573865 (M595 roll 19)

1933-1936 Carson Agency, Nevada. Paiute, Shoshone, Washo, Carson School. FHL film 573866 (M595 roll 20)

1937-1939 Carson Agency, Nevada. Piaute, Shoshone, Washo Indians, Carson School. FHL film 573867 (M595 roll 21)

1885-1887;1890-1891;1894-1901 Fort Hall, Idaho. Shoshoni and Bannock Indians. FHL film 576493 (M595 roll 138)

1902-1909 Fort Hall, Idaho. Shoshoni and Bannock. FHL film 576494 (M595 roll 139)

1910-1914 Fort Hall, Idaho. Shoshoni and Bannock. FHL film 576495 (M595 roll 140)

1919-1926 Fort Hall, Idaho. Shoshoni and Bannock. FHL film 576496 (M595 roll 141)

1927-1931 Fort Hall, Idaho. Shoshoni and Bannock. FHL film 576497 (M595 roll 142)

1932-1934 Fort Hall, Idaho. Shoshoni and Bannock, Indians as Washakie, sub-agency, Utah - 1932. page 195 Live Births 1 July 1924- 31 Mar 1932, page 221 Death Rolls July 1924-April 1932,page 405-587 Washakie Sub-Agency rolls, 1934-1935

1917-1923 Goshute AgencyGoshute, Shoshoni, Paiute, Kanosh and Pahvant FHL film 576856 (M595 roll 167)

1885,1887-1906 '''Lemhi Agency, Idaho. Shoshoni, Bannock and Sheepeater FHL film 576937 (M595 roll 248) '''

1938-1939 Wind River Agency, Wyoming. Shoshoni and Arapaho Indians. Births and deaths 1938-1939. (For earlier rolls see Shoshone Winnebago Agency, Nebraska Omaha and Winnebago Indians - E. Kay Kirkham)

Web Sites

 * The Shoshone Indians -- History and description of the Shoshone Indian, especially the Eastern Shoshone of the Wind River Reservation.
 * Ely Shoshone Tribe Constitution
 * Constitution and By-Laws for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation Idaho
 * Constitution and By-laws of the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe, Nevada
 * Constitution and By-Laws for the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation Nevada
 * Constitution of the Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation, Nevada
 * Shoshone Tribe Wikipedia

Shoshone

 * Carlson, Paul H. The Plains Indians. College Station, Texas: Texas A M University Press, c1998. FHL|book 970.1 C197p

Hill, George W. Vocabulary of the Shoshone Language. Salt Lake City, Utah : Deseret News Steam Press, 1877. item 2


 * Trenholm, Virginia Cole - The Shoshonis; Sentinels of the Rockies. Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1964. 367 pg. FHL book 970.3n Sh82t

General
See For Further Reading.