New Zealand Maori Research Ideas

Resources available When beginning research, the ONLY way is to begin in our home, then among the relatives of our ancestor. This saves a lot of unnecessary expense, time and frustration. We will get the best information to help us with further research at home. We should try to gather as many stories and histories from them as we can.

Steps to take 1. We should talk to the Kaumatua or a Kuia first, for the old people pass away and take their knowledge with them. We are then left to search elsewhere and what we are given may not be the true information.

When visiting a Kaumatua or a Kuia for information, they will not always permit us to write the Whakapapa down as it is given. BUT! They will expect us to memorize what they tell us. The best way to do this is to go back often until we can remember the genealogies. Some will be happy for us to take notes and maybe use a small tape recorder. If the latter is used, we should always ask first if they would mind. Our old people have some traditions in their lives they need us to respect.

2. We should look for treasures kept by family members, such as: • Christening records • Family Bibles – with names &amp; dates of children – marriages Etc. • Documents – Wills, Etc. • Letters from other families • Books with Whakapapa and histories written • Pieces of paper with names written • Civil records – Original Birth, Marriages and Death • Photos with names on back (hopefully) • Maori Land Schedules – names of blocks of land owned by ancestors including names and ages of family members entitled to possession are often held in family files. • Family graves are often on the land near the home, especially if they lived in the country areas.

3. We can visit older members of our family. Do not bombard them with questions at first. We should sit quietly with them and talk about their lives of yesteryear. We should put the focus on them and not on ourself. Before we know it, they are giving out information we are looking for without any questions at all. We should be careful to let them know that we will respect any information given and that it would not be used to cheat in land deals or be disrespected in any way.

It is sometimes better not to have someone in the family that is too young to ask for information because they may not be willing to give it; mainly, due to the outcome of not respecting Whakapapa, which the old folk keep very sacred.

As we visit older folk they may also be able to assist us by giving us the name of someone else in the district that has knowledge about our family.

When writing letters to relatives for information it is better to focus on the person we are writing to and never ask for too much at first. It is good to make a general comment that will give us the information in their reply.

4.Look for records in the places where our ancestors lived. There will be many available sources. The following list names a few of them, but we may find others.

Cemeteries. Almost all Maori people erect headstones on their family graves. They are usually done a year after the burial date of the person. These headstones sometimes have the birth dates, tribe, names of parents, and/or children inscribed, along with a picture of the person. Headstone information can give us a guide to further research, though sometimes the data is not authentic.

Please remember that Maori cemeteries can be very Tapu (Sacred) and permission is needed before we enter the graveyard. Someone living nearby can instruct us of traditions about their cemetery. For instance, some cemeteries have certain days of the week we can visit there, and other traditions. It is important that we respect the wishes of the local people.

Some burials took place on the land where the ancestors once lived. These may not have headstones, but the families will know about them. They usually are fenced in by a white paling fence. Some Maori cemeteries in New Zealand have had the headstones transcribed and microfiche and microfilms of these are available at our local Family History Centre.

Maori Land Court Records Maori Land Court records are an excellent source for research of early and ancient ancestry and should be used, but we should be careful to check out that the names given in the recital of the Whakapapa are correct.

In the year 1862, the New Zealand Government changed the Native Land Act, to have the courts decide who were the rightful Maori owners to blocks of their tribal land. Then in 1865 another Act was passed and the Native Land Courts were set up. Between 1893 and 1906 the Native department was joined into the Justice Department. These courts later became known as Maori Land Courts.

When this took place, the Kaumatua (older man) appeared at the court along with members of the family to claim possession of their ancestors land. The Whakapapa would be recited of the ancestor down to the person appearing. It was written down in minute books by the Clerk of the court. Judges were responsible for what was written. All of the Maori Land Courts have in their archives minute books containing the records of the court sessions dealing with the particular land block of the family attending the court.

The owners of the land had to prove their rights to the block of land in question and sometimes the Whakapapa may not be quite correct, but it will be a good lead or clue. Along with genealogies, we can find histories relating to the people concerned with the block of land. All this is a great help to our research.

The original books are held at the Maori Land Courts. All of the minute books in all of the Courts in New Zealand Land Court districts have been microfilmed. The Districts throughout New Zealand are: - TAITOKERAU – Whangarei Land Court Office MANIAPOTO – Hamilton Office WAIARIKI - Rotorua Office TAIRAWHITI – Gisborne Office AOTEA – Wanganui Office TAKITIMU - Hastings Office TE WAIPOUNAMU (includes Stewart and Chatham Islands) - Christchurch Office To be able to do any searches in the Minute books we would need to know the following: • The names of the person we are seeking that succeeded to the block of land. • The names of the block or blocks of land the ancestor owned. • A schedule of owners in the land is very helpful. • Approximately when the person died that we are searching for. • The person’s Christian name, as most indexes list persons alphabetical by Christian name.

We can contact Archives New Zealand, P.O. Box 12 050, Wellington, for Guides to Maori research. They have an extensive list of helps.

Most land courts prefer that customers go into the District Offices themselves to do research. In some district courts, the staff have access to records on computer. The records are not usually listed by tribal areas.

The Maori Land Court Offices are situated in the following localities: WHANGAREI AUCKLAND HAMILTON ROTORUA GISBORNE HASTINGS WANGANUI CHRISTCHURCH

You may find other records at some Courts that will be helpful in research, such as Adoption records, Application files, Probate or Letters of Administration, Succession orders, Etc. The Staff is always very helpful. Some Maori Trust Boards and other Iwi organizations have copies of records relating to their tribal lands.

Whakapapa Books As more occasions to attend the Maori Land courts to claim rights and successions to family land became necessary, more Whakapapa was needed.

In the early 1900’s, many of the Kaumatua travelled around New Zealand visiting other older people, gathering genealogies from those who could Tatai. (Recite) They spent long hours into the nights and many days in korero (talking) together about their ancestors. Usually a scribe accompanied them to write as they recited their oral genealogies. This is how Whakapapa books came into being.

Today many families have in their possession old hard covered ancient ledger books filled with Whakapapa and histories. But, sad to say, many of these precious books have been buried with the dead or burned by younger people after the burial of their ancestor. Hence so much is lost.

These Whakapapa books, though owned by a particular Kaumatua or family, do not have just their own family genealogies in them. As they met together at a Hui or in various homes around the country, the Tatai was written of other people who were present. Hence, today, we have many family’s names written in many different Whakapapa books.

As Whakapapa can never be totally authenticated, because it was given orally in ancient days, we need to look at as many different books for research with exactly the same genealogies. This helps families to compile, as near as possible, accurate records!

Some of the travellers we know who wrote Whakapapa books were: Stuart Meha Te Ao Wilson, Hohepa Heperi George Watene Taranaki Tarau Martin Pohatu Rangi Davies W. Naera Elder William Cole Elder Elwin Jensen Elder Waddapps (These three Elders were early missionaries to New Zealand) and others.

NOTE: The Whakapapas collected by William Cole have been microfilmed. There is an alphabetical index by surname of the persons recorded on the Maori family records. The written records are shown on the microfilm, including family group records and pedigree charts. The microfilms are accessible through LDS Family History Centres. The Microfilm numbers with Maori records are: 1358003, 1358004, and 1358005.

Maori School Records. There are many Maori schools throughout New Zealand, some from before 1879 when the Department of Education assumed control from the Native Department. Some early settled areas of New Zealand organized small schools and later both Maori and early settlers’ children from Britain &amp; other countries attended the local school in the area. These records are so reliable. Here we can find that English names were given to many Maori children, because the teachers could not pronounce the children’s Maori names. These records can help families compile all names that the ancestors were known by, and helps to prevent duplication of temple work.

Many schools in the rural areas have been closed down and many buildings have been demolished. This means that school record books of enrolment are still held in family homes or local museums. To locate these records, try the follolwing: • Archives New Zealand, in Auckland, have many records available. Contact the Auckland Regional office. • Enquire in the district among older people. • The nearest Board of Education holds many of the original old books • Some schools that are in our area of research may have old records – it is good to ask! • Some books have been microfilmed, such as Okaihau Old School – Port Fitzroy (Great Barrier Island) and others. We can check at our local Family History Centre for a list of school records of New Zealand that have been microfilmed.

LDS (Mormon) Church Records. THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS (LDS or Mormon) may have kept records of many of our ancestors who became members of the church from when the LDS Church first arrived in New Zealand. There will be records dating from as early as the 1860’s. We should check these record books, if our ancestor was in fact a member.

Some early record books were kept at- RAGITOTO BRANCH - Auckland, Great Barrier Island, &amp; surrounding districts. TAKAHIWAI - Near Whangarei. The first baptism recorded was for Hariata Hona Te Horo, born 1854 and baptised by Elder Hollingworth in May 1894. TE HORO - Pipiwai &amp; country areas - (Microfilmed) MANGAKAHIA - Covers Kaikohe, Hokianga, Mangamuka and other areas in the North (Microfilmed) GISBORNE - Covers the East Coast area HASTINGS - Covers the Hawkes Bay area NUHAKA - Covers Mahia Peninsular, Wairoa, Morere and other area (Microfilmed) And many other places throughout New Zealand as the Church expanded.

Some of the early branch records have been microfilmed, and some of these books are still held by members in the areas. These records are an excellent resource for information. Please remember to check with older family members – they would know who in our family were early baptised members of the LDS Church.

Parish Records When Clergy from England began to arrive in New Zealand as early as around 1813-15 in the North of the North Island and soon after elsewhere throughout the country, the Maori people were committed to the advice and wisdom given by the men in the white shirt with the collar turned backward.

They were told that they needed to be baptised and married, so not understanding much of what the white man was saying, they agreed to do as they were taught. Children were christened in many areas of New Zealand. Marriages took place and burials as well.

Marriages according to Maori custom were legal because they were married by Tribal Law. In compiling our Whakapapa we still regard this law of marriage. But, because of the language barrier, we find in early Parish Records that our ancestors may have been married to the same person several times by different religions. This is an important resource because it gives the names of the people in the family, and gives a date and place in the record. Some of the parish registers we can obtain are: • CHURCH OF ENGLAND (Anglican) – 1813 onward – these records are held for North of New Zealand to south of Auckland, at the Auckland Diocesan Office. • HAMILTON - TARANAKI areas – at Hamilton Diocesan Office. • TOLAGO BAY – WAIUPU Parishes – some held at Tolaga Bay and other places on the East Coast. (Tolaga Bay records are Microfilmed) • WAIMATE NORTH areas – Copies of Vol 1-7 of these records are at Kaikohe Public Library &amp; other Libraries. • ALL other places in New Zealand where the Clergy travelled.

Other Churches that hold early N.Z. Parish records are: • WESLYAN METHODIST CHURCH • CATHOLIC CHURCH • LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY • Other churches later. Most of the Offices of the different Churches in New Zealand will help by looking up records for us, but most will charge a fee to do this.

Census Records Some early Maori census records of New Zealand have family information. Census records today are destroyed after a few years and do not hold information that could be used as a source for research. The early ones that are available are located in some Libraries. When we go to a library, we should always ask about them.

Civil Records Registration of Birth, Deaths, and Marriages began in New Zealand in 1840 when the legislation went through parliament that all these events should be registered by clergy and the registrars in the country. In 1848, compulsory registration was really in force, but there are some registrations from 1840 available.

Maori Registration Compulsory registration for Maori people in New Zealand did not come into being until 1911. Not many registrations happened among Maori people until 1914-1918.

About 1935, the family benefit came in. A lot of legal marriages took place and children were registered at birth from1935-1961. These registrations are quite helpful for finding family history information. During this time (1911-1960’s) the registration gave the Tribe or Sub-tribe of the person and/or parents belonging to a tribe. This is a great help to our research.

Later in the 1960s, all records were combined into one filing system at the Registrar general’s Office in Wellington. Your local family history centres have the Registrar general’s indexes to all births, marriages &amp; deaths - including Maori indexes and also War Records of Deaths on microfiche.

The cost in the year 2003 for a photocopy of any entry is $30.00 (New Zealand currency)

Public Libraries. In local libraries in the areas where our ancestors came from, we usually find that there are written histories of the City, Town, and District or Village that will give us good information and clues for further research. Most have a Guide to MAORI LAND COURT MINUTE BOOKS – A collection held at the Auckland University Library which holds information sources including computer database indexes. The staff is very willing to help. Some of the local libraries where we reside also have Microfilms and Microfiche of many records that will help us find information about our ancestors.

Some Libraries and a brief description of what they hold in their collections are:

Kaikohe Public Library Has many books on early history of the North of New Zealand along with other books. Also has a copy of the WAIMATE NORTH early church records – Vol 1 – 7 in their collection. This is a research must for Maori researchers. Whangarei Public Library. In the Northland Room, reference material for Maori research includes Maori resources at the National Archives, Auckland, New Zealand. Also includes books by Charles Royal. Te Haurapa – researching tribal histories by Nigel Cooper Ngati Mahanga – a family search for Maori families, and many other research books. The Address is: - Forum North, Private Bag, 9023, Whangarei, New Zealand. Email: mailroom@wdc.govt.nz - Web site: http://www.wdc.govt.nz

Auckland City Library. This library has a New Zealand Room with an extensive holding of research reference material, which includes Microfilms and Microfiche. That will be of great benefit. The Address is: P.O. Box 4138, Wellesley St, Auckland, New Zealand

Auckland War Memorial Museum Library. There is not a lot of material here for searching Maori Whakapapa, but what is in this library will be very helpful. Among their collection they have some Manuscripts by Walter Gudgeon. And by John R. Lee, who is well known for his writings on Whakapapa in the north of N.Z.

• The Waimate North Church Registers, 1815 – 1970 hold many names of Maori people who were Christened, Married and Buried by Church of England clergy.

• Jennifer Curnow, “Nga Pou Arahi” (1995) This Book Contains details of all the Maori manuscripts held in the Museum Library and a number deal with Whakapapa.

• John R. Lee, “Hokianga” (1987) and “Bay of Islands” (1996) These books contain information of Maori peoples of the North of New Zealand.

• John Steedman, “ He toto: Te ahu matua a nga Tupuna” (1996) This book contains origins of the peoples of Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty.

• The Aukland War Museum Library has a Maori Personal Name Index. This is a card index of Maori names. Information has been taken from a large number of resources including Appendices of the Journal of the House of Representatives, The Dictionary of New Zealand Biographies, The New Zealand Gazette and many other books held in the library. The Address is: Private Bag 92018, Auckland, New Zealand.

Hamilton City Library. This library holds many books relating toTaimui, the Confederation of the Waikato region. They are too numerous to mention heret,but some of the better-known writers among this extensive list are Thomas Buddle, Rua Cooper, William Hammond, Pei Jones, Leslie Kelly, Jack Lee, Isla Nottingham, (Hauraki and Coromandel areas). Joseph Pomare, (Maori Genealogies). Enid Tapsell, (Legends of Tainui &amp; Arawa), to name a few.

This Library also holds information on the following Hapu: Ngai Tai, Ngati Awa, Ngati Haua, Nagti Kinohau, Ngati Mahanga, Ngati Mahuta, Ngati Maniapoto, and Ngati Toa Rangatira. The Address is: P.O. Box 933, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Wellington Libraries. Archives New Zealand has given some sources that are available, but they mainly collect records of Government departments and agencies that are considered to be of historical value. Some of these records have a vast amount of information concerning Whakapapa. Unfortunately, very few of the archives are indexed. However, there are some published sources, such as Fletcher’s Index to Maori Names. This is a list of references to tangata, hapu, iwi, and places in the Journal of the Polynesian Society, White’s Ancient History of the Maori and other sources.

They also have a booklet available published by Archives New Zealand, with the support of Te Puni Kokiri: “He Pukaki Maori, A Guide to Maori sources at National Archives.” This is a valuable resource to anyone needing to find a pathway into Archives New Zealand.

Another very valuable booklet in their collection is a Guide to Maori Schools 1879-1969.

The Addresses to the above Libraries are: Head Office, 10 Mulgrave St, P.O. Box, 12 050, Wellington New Zealand.

Auckland Regional Office, 225 Mt. Wellington Highway, P.O. Box 91 220, Auckland, New Zealand

Christchurch Regional Office, 90 Peterborough St, P.O. Box 642, Christchurch, New Zealand

Dunedin Regional Office, 556 George St, P.O. Box 6183, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Christchurch City Libraries. Canterbury Public Library has an extensive list of various resources for Whakapapa research. Much too much to list it all, but there is a Booklet titled WHAKAPAPA - A guide to resources held in the New Zealand collection. There is an extensive list of Microfiche that is available of Land Claims in various places throughout New Zealand, and other sources that will lead us into our research. To List some: Index to Maori Names by H.J.Fletcher, 910.3 FLE IWIDEX: Ngapuhi (1993), 016.993011.IWI NGA MOTEATEA, by Apirana Ngata 899.4421 MOT HE PUKAKI MAORI – A guide to Maori sources at National Archives. 993.01 NAT.

Family Histories: There are many Books available also written by better-known authors such as: Nick Roskruge, Bruce Briggs, Nigel Cooper, Dradford Haami, and Joan Leaf

The Maori Land Court Minute books are among the holdings of the following places: South Island Chatham Island Titi Island – which covers the island around Stewart Island Ikaroa – which covers the area from Blenheim across to the Kahurangi River on the West Coast, then North to Marlborough Sounds.

There is a Maori Land Court Database which holds records on the following: Taitokerau, Waikaoto-Maniapoto, Waiariki, Aotea, Tairawhiti, Takitimu, and Te Wai Pounamu. This is on C-D Rom.

There are also Microfilms, which include the following: Maori Voters’ Roll, 1908; Maori Newspapers such as Nga Hiringa I Te Whetu (1896); and Te Hou Maori (1895) They also have Visual and Audio resources, Waiatas, etc.

Christchurch Polytechnic Library. This library also has an extensive list of Whakapapa research helps. There is too much to list in this booklet, but libraries in Christchurch have a vast amount of resources to help us with Maor i research in all areas of the North and South Island.

Hocken Library – Dunedin. The Hocken Library is a library with a vast amount of information held on early settlers in New Zealand and includes an extensive list of resources for Maori research. Many manuscripts are among their collection – some I will list:

James Beattie, Sir Peter Buck, Sir Frederick Chapman, Walter Gudgeon, Thomas Hocken, Walter Mantell, Hauraki Paora – (Ngati Whatua), Piri Sciascia, Edward Shortland – (Journey’s of expeditions with Governor Grey in April 1842 and other expeditions), Tainui Canoe - (includes genealogies), Hana Wesley – (Maori Genealogies), John Brown Williams – (Journal 1842-44 Bay of Islands) – just to mention a few.

Making contact with this Library will always be a help to us with our research because it is a University Library and there are University libraries in Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland. The Address is: P.O.Box 56, Dunedin,New Zealand. All of our local Libraries will have some information to help us with Whakapapa research. Most Libraries in Australia will have access to Web sites of libraries in New Zealand where we can find resources that will help us.

Resources available through the Family History Library On the Internet, go to Familysearch.org. Choose the Library tab and then Family History Library Catalog. Type in New Zealand. Print the items you are interested in.

Next, we can type in the name of the village or district where our ancestors came from to see if any records were made on that level and print out the lists we get, then click on the record types that interest us.

To get a listing of all of the oral genealogical interviews taken by Irene Davies in the 1970s: We should get the catalog description under the author New Zealand oral genealogy project. The microfilm number for the transcripts of these interviews is 990404. About 61 interviews are included, but a transcript was not made of all of the tapes.

We can also use a Film/fiche number search and look at the descriptions of other microfilms, all of which contain information about Maori records in New Zealand: 1031511, 1031512, 1031513, 7194117, 1675576 Item 2, 1675265 item 4, 1308916, 1308917, 1308918, 1308919, and 1014417.