User:Gcduerden/Sandbox

Modern American Chivalry &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; MODERN CHIVALRY Chivalry is a subject entire books and many treatises have tired to cover. It is so ‘big’ that an entire genre of literature was developed around it – Chivalric Literature of 700-800 years ago, primarily in Western Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, England, etc.) – and a bunch of very romantic characters such as Arthur and Guenivere, Robin and Maid Marian, Amadis of Gaul, Don Quixote, Ivanhoe, et al. Many different and subsequent writers have tried to put the philosophy of chivalry into words, some with less and some with more. Recent writers delving into this field gave King Arthur an epiphany in the Learner and Lowe Broadway musical Camelot when contemplating his Knights of the round Table when he said, “Not ‘Might makes Right’ but ‘Might FOR Right!!’” And then there is the motto inscribed on the Round Table of the 1995 movie First Night “In Serving Each Other We Become Free,” or the classically famous line from Alexander Dumas’ The Three Mustketeers “One for All, and All for One.” The Dominican Monks of the Middle Ages developed the Decalogue (or Ten Commandments) of Chivalry, often called the Code of Chivalry. This author wrote about the ancient code and a Modern American Code in a newspaper multi-part column (The Coat-Tree, a weekly hobby column on Coats of Arms and Family Trees) in 1980 which was also given entotol as a paper at a heraldic conference in Richmond, VA (Atlantian Heraldic Symposium, May 6-9, 1982) at which J.P. Brooke-Little, Garter King of Arms of the Royal College of Arms (London, England) at the time, was a guest and keynote speaker. [ Ed. Note: J.P. Brooke-Little, CVO, KStJ, FSA, FHS (Hon), FRHSC (Hon), FHSNZ, KM, GCGCO (6 April 1927 – 13 Feb. 2006)] The following is the bulk of the columns which ran, originally, in three part back in 1980 as a syndicated column from Zavadu Syndicate:

a consolidated from “The Coat-Tree” -
a syndicated print/audio/visual column on Heraldry, Genealogy, & related areas of interest (originally  published in 1980 by Zavadu Syn-   dicate, Roosevelt, Utah)

by Gregory C. Duerden, R.H., F.A.C.A.,

'Earl Native' Pursuviant of Arms,

'Jefferson' King of Arms, Regent of Arms

for The American College of Arms

“MODERN CHIVALRY’. . . Many think that those two words nullify each other. Many others think that chivalry is dead and therefore cannot be ‘modern’. Whether chivalry has been around all along, only dormant here in America and recently reappearing, like an artesian spring (perhaps due to - or despite- the woman's movement or even as a back-lash to it or whether this is a 'modern phenomenon,' there seems to be a definite rise in chivalric interest aong the general populous.&#160; Let's look at the evidence of this public interest.    To see what Americans are interested in you need only look at what we are spending our money to purchase.  Look at what is currently being merchandised and what is successful in the marketplace to gauge public interest.  There has been a definite rise in chivalric items on the market -- books, movies, toys, etc.-- during the late 1970s.      For example, the old Gothic romances have been around for quite awhile, but chivalry has re-entered the general interest book arena.  Books like Kenneth m. Cameron's "Arms" series or the "Griffin Saga" series by Beverly Byrne are examples. The most direct example is the "Age of Chivalry" series by Jeanne Lancour (The Storm and The Sword, The Armor and The Veil, The Mace and The Plume, etc.). The historical books have several outstanding examples of chivalric interest as well. My personal favorites in this category are four books by two authors; Barbara Tuchman's excellent work "A Distant Mirror," and the Merlin trilogy by Mary Stewart: The Crystal Cave, The Hollow Hills, The Last Enchantment. Another worthy of mention is Victoria Holt's "The Plantagenet Prelude," written under the psudeonym of Jean Plaidy. How many 'chivalric' movies have you seen? From the big silver screen we have seen some good, some bad, and some pretty ugly attempts. Some I have seen are: Conan the Barbarian, Dragonslayer, Beastmaster, Clash of Titans, Excalibur, The Sword and The Sorcerer, and perhaps even "Heavy Metal" could fit in here. Of course we can't forget the classic (even in 1980 the first of the series were 'classics') STAR WARS and The Empire Strikes Back. I understand the next segment of the Star Wars epic to be known as "Revenge of the Jedi" or perhaps "Return of the Jedi" is due for release in May 1983 - but there may be further changes there too. Even the small screen has had several chivalric shows. There was the recent CBS presentation of "The Scarlet Pimpernel," the critically maligned "Ivanhoe," and even the stage musical-made-into-a-movie "Camelot" which is reportedly being "made for television," according to TV Guide. Then there are the current TV series "The Quest," "Voyagers," "Knight Rider," etc. Finally there is my favorite TV chivalric mini-series, the epic "Shogun," dealing in part with Japanese chivalry. The toy market is replete with chivalric items such as Lego's Castle, Playmobile's Knight Set, Star Wars figures and toys, Mattel's 'Masters of the Universe' figures and castle, etc. Comic books portray Rom the Spaceknight, Arak Son of Thunder, The Warlord, Thor, Conan the Barbarian and King Conan; and not to be outdone, there are the female figures in the chivalric comics - Red Sonja, and Arak's sidekick, Valda the Iron Maiden. Then there are the age old fairy tales, storybook heroes, and even Saturday morning cartoons. Some obviously chivalric such as Blackstar and Thundar the Barbarian, while others aren't so obvious. But Smurfs, The New Puppy's Adventures, Pac-Man, etc., at times also have chivalric storylines. Has the evidence tempted you to agree with our premise that there is a current (1980s version) rise in chivalric interest? If in nothing else, from the evidence there seems to be a definite merchandising potential for chivalric items! (End of 1st column,part two begins)   But. . . what is modern chivalry? Does it differ from the ancient variety? Let's compare the ancient code of chivalry with a modern variation. Ancient chivalry, as defined by Leon Gautier, a French scholar of the literature of chivalry and the developer of the following "Decalogue of Chivalry" consisted of: The 'Church' mentioned in the first two items was specific in its reference; it was the Catholic Church. today, after the Protestant Reformation and with other churches starting, consolidating, breaking away, etc., the first couple of 'commandments' in Gautier's version would have to be altered or generalized to enable modern man to adapt to a new code without considerable confusion. Another 'bias' that must change – and one that I have never liked anyway – refers to the 'infidel,' a term of derision. Although the term 'infidel,' in the context above, generally referred to the individuals the term was taken from (Arabic), it actually means 'an unbeliever.' An 'infidel' could mean a Saracen, Arab, Moor, other Moslem, Christian, or any non-Christian, non-Moslem, Jew or 'Gentile' (other terms or three of derision among those designations as well) depending on who was using the term. Even with the current strong feelings and biases throughout the world, it has been some time since anyone has used the word 'infidel.'
 * 1) Unswerving belief in the Church and obedience to her teachings.
 * 2) Willingness to defend the Church.
 * 3) Respect and pity for all weakness and steadfastness in defending them.
 * 4) Love of Country.
 * 5) Refusal to retreat before the enemy.
 * 6) Unceasing and merciless war against the infidel.
 * 7) Strict obedience to the feudal overlord, so long as those duties do not conflict with duty to God.
 * 8) Loyalty to truth and to the pledged word.
 * 9) Generosity in giving.
 * 10) Championship of the right and the good, in every place and at all times, against the forces of evil.   These ten tenets of ancient chivalry were taken from a firm European bias, as is obvious.

Perhaps due to the more educated attitudes towards mankind in general and the 'infidels' in particular, some interesting changes have been delinated accordng to one source of 'modern chivalry.' A group of modern scholars (a special committee of  The American College of Arms) update the 'Decalogue' (in 1977) to read as follows:

(1977, Code of American Chivalry, The American College of Arms)
 * 1) Belief in God (whether you call that God: Fate,  Elohim, Buddah, Father, Jehovah, a Universal Law, Him or Her).
 * 2) Respect and pity for all weakness; steadfastness in defending them against those that would take advantage of the weak.
 * 3) Love of Country.
 * 4) Refuse to surrender or retreat from the enemy.  But if captured, continue to resist; make every effort to escape.
 * 5) Obedience to political and military leaders, so long as those duties do not conflict with duty to God or conscience.
 * 6) Loyalty to the truth, above all, and to the pledged word.
 * 7) Generosity in giving of time, money and self.
 * 8) Champion the right and good, in every place and at all times, against the forces of evil.
 * 9) Never forget that: “I am responsible for my actions.”
 * 10) Live your life so your parents would be proud of you, so your brothers and sisters would be happy to follow in your steps, and so your children will never regret being known as yours.

Let us compare and examine the 'codes' we have just read.

Number one in both 'codes' deal with the same subject, but one has been altered to fit into a modern concept of diety/religion and still maintain a sense of dedication to a higher power. Many modern psychologists have reinforced the philosophy of the benefits of worshiping a higher power. The ancient code stress the 'Church' as a higher power, where the modern code moved one step above the 'earthly offices' and stressed the diety rather than the men representing the diety. Possibly this was done in order to accommodate agnostic thinking without ruling out any specific specific religious organization, with the possible exception of the atheist. But even the atheist believes in a higher power, many times, and so the explanatory information in the parentheses.

The ancient code's second law was deleted from the modern code in an effort to provide open-mindedness and to hinder the religious wars revealent in the past and recent times. The current Iraqi/ Iranian war or the 'war' in Northern Ireland both have strong religious or 'jihad' (holy war) connotations.

The next item deals with the 'weak.' Both the modern and ancient codes state:  “Respect and pity for all weakness and steadfastness in defending them,”  but the modern code expands this item by explaining the reason for this part of the code. The modern code adds “... against those that would take advantage of the weak.” this respect and pity for weakness doesn't mean that a chivalrous person condones weakness. Most people realize that mankind has weaknesses (physical and many other types) but we must also realize that humankind is generally strong and adaoptable. However, one of the strengths of our species is the ability to unite, even if just n groups of two or three, against oppressors/threats/ tyranny/abuse/etc. Hence the purpose of this canon of chivalry.

Patriotism, as opposed to fanatical type of chauvinism, is the basis for the next item of the 'decalogue.'  A real 'Love of Country' doesn't mean a blind, fanatical nationalism, for this type of behavior has been shown to b e more detremental than beneficial, but a realistic realization of the place our nation (or region of a nation) is in the community of nations. This community of nations has a place for all types and varieties of nations – not just rich/poor, but manufacturers, technological, agricultureal, mining, fishing, tourist, petroleum, financial services, educational, recreational, etc. A love of country that is based upon what our country has (its strengths and history), what its potential is, without ignoring the problems. . .  this is what this part of the code expresses.

The modern code adapted a little of the United States Military Code of Conduct in the next topic. The ancient tenet was shorter and dealt only with retreat from the enemy. The modern code, amended with the Code of Conduct (which some point to as a type of chivalric code itself) is more relevant and a better reflection of modern realities and military tactics when it addresses both capture and surrender.

The next item on the ancient code, as already mentioned, was deleted due to the derisive term of 'infidel.' One of the reasons was its lack of qualifying definition, so the modern scholars unanimously determined to edit this item. One additional condiseration was the license to 'unceasing and merciless war' against any undefined group; to even allow that type of war is considered heinous by modern standards, and even by most military standards. Another topic which wa sinfused with a bit of the Military Code of Conduct is the obedience tenet. The ancient code stressed “Strict obedience to the feudal overlord,” but with the lack of feudal ovrlords in today's world, this part had to be re-defined. Also, 'strict' was deemed a bit too restrictive, so the modern version inserted the “political and military leaders” for 'overlord' and added the conscience as an additional avenue of higher obedience, for both God and personal conscience were felt to be high orders of duty than pure military and political dictates.

'Loyalty' and 'Generosity' were only slightly amplified by the modern code drafters. They felt that loyalty to truth was paramount and added the phrases “above all” to that section. The 'Generosity' section needed further light on the giving avenues, hence the adjectives of “time, money and self” to illustrate the manner that giving can be accomplished.

The final topic of the ancient code was unchanged when the modern code was drawn up, but since the ancient code had two items which were deleted from the modern code, two additional topics needed to be inserted to maintain a 'Decalogue.'

The final two tenets of the modern code delved into a more personal type of behavior. The first modern addition is a direct insert from the Military Code of Conduct, and deals with personal responsibility. The final insert to the modern decalogue is a matter of summation of the previous nine and deals more with an overall philosophy of life: “Live your life so your parentsw would be proud” - sort of a revision of the idea of filial piety - “your brothers and sisters would be happy to follow in your steps, and your children will never regret being known as yours – a personal example being the best way to teach.

(End of 2nd column, 3rd installment)

Now that we have looked at the evidence of a 'modern American chivalry' and have compared the ancient code with a modern version, let us look at the future of chivalry. But first let me divert a bit.

Until recently historians have purposely ignored the Middle Ages. For some it has been due to the lack of proper documentation from the period; others have ignored the period because the facts were so overcome with opinion/fantasy/folklore/error. A few of the more adventurous have bucked the established opinions and delved into the Dark Ages.

One pre-eminent historian to do an outstanding job was Will Durrant in his multi-volume set entitled The Story of Civilization. His fourth volume, “The Age of Faith,” covers the medieval period from 325 to 1300 AD/CE. In his Epilogue to that volume, sub-titled “The Medieval Legacy,” Durrant states:

"“The Middle Ages are a condition as well as a period: in Western Europe""we should close them with Columbus; in Russia they continue til Peter""the Great (d. 1725); in India until our time.”""Durrant then pops our 'modern' ego with the following reminder:""“ . . .  we must remind ourselves tha the followers of Abelard called""themselves moderni, and that the bishop of Exeter, in 1287, spoke of""his century as moderni tempores, 'modern time.' The boundary between""'medieval' and 'modern' is always advancing;and our age of coal and oil""and sooty slums may some day be accounted medieval by an era of""cleaner power and more gracious life. .  ..""“. .  . We have not fully recovered from the Dark Ages: the insecurity""that excites greed, the fear that fosters cruelty, the poverty that breeds""filth and ignorance, the filth that generates disease, the ignorance that""begets credulity, superstition, occultism – these still survive amongst""us; and the dogmatism that festers into intolerance and Inquisitions""only awaits opportunity or permission to oppress, kill, ravage and""destroy. In this sense modernity is a clok upon medievalism, which""secretly remains;. . . ”				(pgs. 1082-83)"

Another historian to feel feel we have many similarities with the Medieval period was James Westfall Thompson, when he compared the 14th Century with its Black Death and our century with its wars – specifically World War I, the “War to End All Wars.” He found many of the same complaints we still see today as common to both periods:

“. .  .  economic chaos, social unrest, high prices, profiteering,

depraved morals, lack of production, industrial indolence, frentic

gaiety, wild expenditure, luxury, debauchery, social and religious

hysteria, greed, avarice, maladministration, decay of manners.”

A third historian felt that:

“ . .  . the interst of the period itself – a violent, tormented, be-

wildered, suffering and disintegrating age,. . .  was compelling

and, as it seemed to me, consoling in a period of similar disarray.

If our last decade or two of collapsing assumptions has been a

period of unusual discomfort, it is reassuring to know that the

human species has lived through worse before.”

That historian is the award winning Barbara Tuchman.

With above mentioned authorities, peraps we can state that our 'modern chivalry' has been with us, in perhaps a different form, since early time of this 'Modern Middle Ages,' sometimes referred to as the Age of Chivalry Miedieval period.

As to the future of chivalry, anything that can survive the last millenium or more will continue – perhaps not in its present for even ancient form, but it could be something akin to the type illustrated in the Star Wars sagas with the Jedi-Knights. For as long as there are thinking people upon this planet, I'm sure that the things that true chivalry stands for will never really die.

Chivalry has and will be more than the knight on a white horse rescuing damels. Besides being quite sexist, that portrayal is too simplistic, too general, and quite inaccurate. That was only one significant part of the duties of a chivalrous indiviual, and a white charger wasn't a pre-requisite even for that function.

There are mnay documented cases of females fighting and/or living chivalric lives (e.g., Joan of Arc (1412-1431), Joan of Kent (1328-1385), Angarad of the Golden Hand, etc.) while many men living in the 'Age of Chivalry' never comprehended or lived a true chivalric life.

Many men today live lives that would fit the chivalric ideal (“Live Pure, Speak True, Right Wrong, Follow Christ, the King” - Lord Alfred Tennyson). There have also been some excellent examples in recent times of the chivalric ideal: Gandhi, Lord Mountbatten, Martin Luther King, etc. With their examples and the living examplars of chivalry, the upcoming generations will have a good foundation to build upon, securing the future of chivalry.

Finally, let me quote Sir Edward Strachey from an introduction of “Le Morte d'Arthur” (1886):

“And if it should seem as though the chivalry of our own times is

reduced to something less novle than that of old, when men risked

life, and things dearer than life, in defending the weak and attacking

the oppressor in his stronghold – when the hardness of the actual fight

against evil-doers was not exaggerated in the romances which

pictured the knights contending with dragons and enchanters and

giants. . .  (our) world is yet far from cleared of the monstrous

powers of evil, which still oppress and devour the weak; and that

a battle, not really less resolute, not, if need be, less desperate, than

those old, is still carried on by those who, under the modest guise

of common life, are fighting in the true spirit of chivalry. ..

“But whether we are content with the chivalry of manners, or aspire

to a place in the brotherhood of chivalry of actiona, our principles,

our maxims, and our examples have come down to us as an inher-

itance from the past – an inheritance common to all who care to

claim it; and won for us by the old knights, fighting in the name of

God and of their ladies.”

Conclusion:  Modern Chivalry is alive, well and just beginning anew.

BASIC HERALDRY
Heraldry - [definition from The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged edition (1973)] n., pl. –ries. 1. the science of armorial bearings. 2. the art of blazoning armorial bearings, of setting the rights of person to bear arms or to use certain bearings, of tracing and recording genealogies, of recording honors, and of deciding questions of precedence. 3. the office or duty of a herald. 4. A coat of arms; armorial bearings. 5. a heraldic device, or a collection of such devices. 6. heraldic symbolism.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 7. heraldic pomp and ceremony. . . . (HERALD+-RY)” Heraldry is an ancient service, art and science which goes back at least to the middle ages. The exact date of the formation of ‘organized heraldry’ is unknown, but happened seemingly simultaneously in both European and Asian feudal systems. Germany seems to be the site of the first signet rings and seals. At about the same time heralds became part of European noble and royal courts, the Japanese developed a system of ‘Mons’ to visually identify ‘clans.’ Symbols used on shields identified individuals, military units and groups, etc. This practice goes back to the early days of Greece, Rome, Israel, Egypt, Mesopotemia, etc. Heralds became the first military intelligence officers of the nobility and royal courts because they could identify the good-guys and the bad-guys in a battle – very useful when full armor with covered faces became the vogue. To make such identification and differencing of arms possible, rules were set up and the metals, colors, stains and furs used in designing the arms was established as well as a system to describe and draw arms, known as blazoning and hatching. One form of heraldic bearing is called Ordinaries - these are various lines and geometric shapes used as charges (crosses, piles, etc.). Actual charges for coats of arms fall into several categories: natural objects, animate charges, inanimate things, canting charges or “rebuses” (which form a pun on the name of the bearer) and a more recent addition, cartoon characters. Natural objects would be things like rocks, celestial objects – sun, moon, stars, constellations, comets, planets, etc. – and so on. Animate charges include but are not limited to the following: trees and parts of trees (leaves, limbs, chunks of wood, logs of various sizes, etc.), flowers (pedals, blossoms, leaves, etc.), plants, divine beings, human beings and parts of the human body, animals, birds, fish, insects, reptiles, monsters, ‘other creatures,’ etc. [Lions, dragons, tigers, bears, camels, goats, sheep, whales, narwhales, dolphins, butter-flies, spiders, scorpions, snakes, bats, eagles, swallows, hawks, flying fish, deer, elk, moose, fawn, unicorn, cyclopes, monitor, dinosaurs, and much more.] Inanimate things are generally viewed as conventional ancient charges: anchors, arrows, bows, bridges, castles, crowns, gloves, swords, ships, towers, wheels, machines, etc. There have also been several modern things used as charges; e.g., the DNA double-helix was used as the charge on the arms of the scientist who ‘discovered’ it; airplanes have been used as charges, in scenes on shields, and as supporters for arms, as have rockets. ‘Spaceships’ have only been used in the cartoon character category. Canting arms or “rebuses” would be: a) a man with the surname of Lucy, Geddy, or Pike using the fish known in heraldic terms as Luce or Lucy or Ged, which is the variety of fish known more commonly as a pike, for a charge on his shield; or b) John Shakespeare having a single large jousting lance on his shield. Cartoon characters are generally used in the military branch of heraldry and are the caricatures of animals, people or objects. Heraldry can be used to identify individuals, their family members (this is called cadency), their property, and holdings as well as ‘houses,’ cities, corporations, societies, churches, states, nations, military units, businesses, agencies or about any other type of organizations. But the ‘family of coat of arms,’ with only a surname to identify it, are usually bogus. When heraldic seals were used, anciently, they were similar to an individual’s signature on documents or a brand on livestock or property of a certain individual. Today if you assume or use another person’s identity or signature you will be arrested and charged with crimes of identity theft, forgery or worse. That is a crime! But, so is assuming another person’s identity by using their coat of arms without it being properly differenced and granted to you by a properly empowered office. Just because some ‘businessman’ takes advantage of someone’s ill-informed, misinformed nature, or their lack of knowledge (aka: ignorance) just for the sake of turning a profit or making money, with no intent of even trying or caring to do good; well this is usually called being a fraud, a thieve, or con-man, and a criminal. Usurping another’s name, heritage and lineage by using a coat of arms which is not yours also seems to disregard your own proper family tree, heritage and lineage is a BIG mistake, whoever does it. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;'''YOUR family tree and coat of arms are YOUR birthright …. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; DISCOVER THEM&#160;!!''' (To learn more refer to: Asian, European, Tribal and U.S. Heraldry) Table of Tinctures -  &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Name&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Heraldic Name&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; Abbrev.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Rep. by &#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Hatching Metals: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Gold&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; OR&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; O&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Yellow &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;. . . . . . .  &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Silver&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ARGENT&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; A&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; White Colors: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Black&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; SABLE&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; S&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Black&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; +++++++ &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Blue&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; AZURE&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; B&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Blue&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; - &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Green&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; VERT&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; V&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Green&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Purple&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; PURPURE&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; P&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Purple&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; //////////////// &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Red&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; GULES&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; G&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Red&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Stains: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Orange or &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Tawny&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; TENNE&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Orange&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Reddish- &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Purple&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; SANGUINE&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Blood-red&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Purplish – &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Black&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; MURREY&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Mulberry&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ___________ Furs: (To not confuse you only these two furs are given with variations) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Ermine&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ERMINE&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;    &#160; Black spots on white &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;  &#160; (black spots represent tails) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Variations: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ERMINES or &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; Contra-hermines&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;      &#160; none &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;       &#160; White spots on black &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (Sable ermined argent) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; ERMINOIS&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Black spots on gold &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (Or erminois sable) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; PEAN&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Gold spots on black  &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Vair&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; VAIR&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Alternate blue and white &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (blue and white pieces came from &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;    &#160;   (like alternating cups) &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;  &#160;. the pieces variously shaped in the &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; practice of using back and belly and &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;. arranged skins of grey squirrels) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Variations: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Counter-vair&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; none &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;     &#160; (like alternating diamonds)   &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Vair en point&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (like seine waves) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Potent &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;    &#160; none &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;     (like crutch heads) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Counter-potent&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; none&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (like alternate crutch heads) Asian Heraldry OVERVIEW As mentioned above, a form of organized symbolism to denote clans and groups appeared in the mid-13th Century in Asia, about the same time herald became part of European noble and royal courts. These symbols were worn on flags on the back of soldiers, in the case of the Japanese ‘Mon,’ who wore a form of wooden or bamboo armor and rode horses or walked into battle, among other things. Japan - In Japan the ‘Mon’ system was developed to be able to tell which clan or group the soldiers belonged to or were fighting with/for. The chrysanthemum ‘Mon’ was saved for the sole use of the Emperor. Veneration of the sun is another area common to many people, east and west, north and south. Japan’s Tenno clan laid claim to descent from the sun. Stylized forms of this symbol are also as common, although eastern Asian nations have found strict graphic forms for representing the sun, which are given specific names. The Japanese ‘rising sun’ is completely red without rays and is perfectly true to nature. China - China also venerates the sun in symbolism - now only found in the arms and flag of Taiwan - is fully risen, alluding to the twelve hours with “blue sky and white sun.”&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; One study of Chinese history found no examples of inheritable coats of arms for individuals or families, during the era of Europe’s Middle Ages (the seven Han dynasties). China did not develop anything similar to the Japanese mon,either, but the Han dynasty did use banners and standards to identify military units and, occasionally, commanding officers (as officers rather than as specific individuals). The Chinese did use graphic symbols going quite a ways back, into very ancient times. One example is the blue dragon, red phoenix, white tiger and black tortoise which are used even today, by some, as symbols for the eastern, southern, western, and northern celestial quadrants, a practice which goes back for at least 3000 years. European Heraldry British [Scottish / Irish / Canadian] - Today, the Royal College of Arms, in London, England, is the pre-eminent heraldic authority in the world. It has been in continual existence for well-over 500 years - established in 1483/4 by Richard III. The last time the Court of Chivalry sat to adjudicate a case of heraldic justice was 1964, but achievements of arms are issued annually and the heraldic history is still being written by this College of Arms. With the Lyon King of Arms (for Scotland) and Ulster King of Arms (for Ireland) the Heraldic Empire of Great Britain is secure and on-going. Even Canada uses the Royal College for matters heraldic. The College is overseen by the Earl Marshall of England and the Queen of England [Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926) rules in a Constitutional Monarchy since accending to the throne in 1952; she celebrated her Diamond Jubilee in 2012&#160; --&#160; her grandson, William, and his wife, Kate, have given the Royal Family two new members:&#160; George and a new baby girl un-named as of this writing).  Danish - Several European countries have Constitutional Monarchies, such as Denmark (which is ruled by Queen Margretha II since 1972 – born in 1940, she celebrated her 70th birthday in 2010 and her Ruby Jubilee in 2012). Almost all still have heralds and an office of heraldry, or such, as part of their staff or part of some governmental agency. Modern heralds are more protocol officers and event planners than used in the ambassadorial or military intelligence (battle) or even tournament (sports announcer) modes of ancient times. An estimated 80% of Danish private coats of arms are burgher arms - burgher arms are coats of arms borne by persons of the burgher (merchant or peasant) social class of continental Europe (usually called bourgeois in English) since the Middle Ages. By definition, this term is alien to Gallo-British tradition of heraldry but is used in many German-Nordic traditions. Although the term ‘burgher arms’ refers to the bourgeoisie, it is often extended also to arms of the Protestant clergy and even to arms of peasants. In most European countries, the use of armorial bearings is restricted to a particular social class, e.g. the use of supporters in Great Britain, tinctures in Portugal or coronets in Sweden. In other countries, every individual, family and community has been free to adopt arms and use it as they please, provided they have not wrongfully assumed the arms of another. Use of coats of arms by burghers and artisans began during the 13th century and in the 14th century some peasants took to using arms. The arms of burghers bore a far wider variety of charges than the arms of nobility like everyday objects, in particular, tools and rune-like marks - also known as 'house marks' which are not met in arms of nobility. Most widespread burgher heraldry was and still is in Switzerland and in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands only a small percentage of the existing arms belong to the nobility. Regulation of heraldic matters falls to the National Heraldic Consultant, an officer under the Danish National Archive, for approval of municipal arms and ensuring official coats of arms adhere to the rules of heraldry. He has no jurisdiction over private arms. Danish heraldry falls in the German-Nordic tradition of hereditary use of arms (with no cadency marks and rules as the Gallo-British tradition holds). Dutch (Netherlands) - Dutch heraldry is concerned, primarily, with heraldic matters in the country of the Netherlands, or the Low-Lands of Europe. It is characterized by a simple and sober style reminiscent of medieval arms, strong use of ordinaries, etc. Coats of arms in the Netherlands are not controlled by an official heraldic system. Anyone can develop and use a coat of arms, if they wished to do so, provided they did not usurp another’s arms, and this right was historically enshrined in Roman Dutch law. Many merchant families had coats of arms (known as burgher arms) even though they were not members of the nobility. Dutch civic heraldry is regulated the High Council of Nobility, which grants the arms of provinces, municipalities, water boards, Roman Catholic dioceses and Roman Catholic basilicas. Generally, the high Council pursues a policy of stylistic simplicity, as decreed by Interior Ministry guidelines in 1977 – regional historical and genealogical societies were known to have been involved drawing up these initial designs. Generally the High Council disapproves of quartering of existing arms and has a policy of excluding figures of saints on shields. The King of the Netherlands is William 1st, and works under a Constitutional Monarchy. France - French heraldry is unique in Europe for several reasons. Regulated personal heraldry has gone and today the law recognizes both assumed and inherited arms – considering them to be legally equivalent to a visual representation of a name, and given the same protections. There is no central registry of arms and it is up to the individual to prove the longest right to the blazon of arms to be successful in court. But civic heraldry, on the other hand, remains a visible part of daily life. The language of heraldry is Norman French and it’s history exists going back to the 11th Century, but it does not have a national coat of arms. France has, instead, an emblem produced in 1953 at a request for a national coat of arms by the United Nations, but it does not follow the technical rules of heraldry and is associated with the Ancien Regime. In addition, one of the significant floral charges of heraldry has very close ties to France; the fleur-de-lys (translated as ‘lilly flower’ – a stylized design of an iris or lily). The fleur-de-lys is depicted on the British arms for the ancient claim of portions of France by the English crown … and is used on multiple civic arms to denote their country ( Paris, Lyon, Alsace, Brittany, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Centre, Rhone-Aples, Ile-de-France, etc.). German – German heraldic style stands in contrast to Gallo-British, Latin and Eastern heraldry and strongly influenced the styles and customs of heraldry in the Nordic countries, which developed comparatively late. Germanic heraldic tradition is noted for its scant use of heraldic furs, multiple crests, inseparabililty of the crest, and repetition of charges in the shield and the crest. Instead of Norman-French, the language of heraldry in Germany is German: tinctures are schwarz (black), rot (red), gold or gleb, silber (silver), grun (green), purpur (purple); furs are hermelin (ermine), grauwerk (vair), kursch (fur proper), buntfeh (vairy); and this follows through with ordinaries, etc. One of the earliest examples of heraldry originated in Germany with the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne, who erected an imperial (single headed) eagle at his palace after his coronation in the year 800 C.E., establishing the eagle as the enduring symbol of the empire and Germany for several subsequent centuries, right up until today, since the imperial eagle (one of the oldest state symbols in Europe, originating with ancient Rome) is on the flag of Germany – black eagle with red beak and claws – tracing it’s roots back to Charlemagne. Germany was one of the early sources of signet rings and seals (German: siegel), used extensively in the later Middle Ages, and was instrumental in spreading heraldry to the various institutions of feudal Europe, especially to the Nordic countries. One expert (Carl-Alexander von Volborth) says: “the custom of the warrior-caste of using their [heraldic] arms on seals made this kind of pictorial identification fashionable and led to the adoption of arms by anybody using a seal.” Noble women began using armorial seals in the 12th Century and then heraldry spread to the burgher class in the 13th Century; even some peasants used arms in the 14th Century. Two of the most common animal charges in heraldry bear special political significance in medieval Germany. Ottfried Neubecker (in his 1979 Guide to Heraldry [Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill]) states: “heraldic antagonism … makes the eagle the symbol of imperial power and the lion the symbol of royal sovereignty.” &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Italian &#160;(Ecclesiastic) &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Norwegian &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Russian &#160;(Czarist and pre-Rev.) &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Spanish &#160; (Sp. Off. of Heraldry) &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Swedish &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Swiss &#160;(International Heraldric Society) &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;Tribal Heraldry &#160;- &#160;category &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Central Am. Indigenous &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Jewish (Biblical) Heraldry &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;No. Am. First Nations/Nat. Am. &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;Pacific Island &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;So. Am. Indigenous &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; US Heraldry - &#160;Sub category &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; Augustan Society &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; American College of Arms &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; College of Heraldry &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; New Eng. Hist.&amp; Gen. Society's Comm. on Heraldry &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;  &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160; &#160;