England Miscellaneous Poor Law Records (National Institute)

Creed Registers
These show which religious denomination each person belonged to and next of kin.

Registrar’s Marriage Notices
In the early days the district registrar had to read Notices for Register Office Marriages at Board of Guardians meetings.

Visits To Young Persons Hired Out
Those under 16 hired or taken out as servants from the workhouse had, or were supposed to have, regular visits to ensure their welfare.

Assisted Emigration
Particularly after 1815 it was not uncommon for guardians to pay travelling costs and an allowance for food and setting up home elsewhere to able-bodied pauper families. Some guardians sponsored families to relocate in more prosperous areas of England, for example during the period 1835-1843 from Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Norfolk and Suffolk to the textile mills in Cheshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire. Australia and Canada were popular destinations—it cost roughly a month’s parish relief money to send a family to the colonies and thus get rid of each person (and their descendants) forever! It was a long term solution to the problem of too many people to feed and too little work in certain areas of England.

The southern English counties of Hampshire, Kent, Surrey and Sussex had the greatest number of emigrants; in 1832, 603 people from West Sussex left for Australia and Canada, and Salehurst in Sussex lost 20% of its population this way. The now famous scheme involving parishes around Petworth, Sussex in the 1830s was exhaustively described by Cameron and Maude in Assisting Emigration to Upper Canada: the Petworth Project, 1832-1837. Even though it was hard to leave extended family and friends, most families were far better off in their new lands (Burchall). The records show the age and place of settlement or origin of those so relocated, and usually the amount of assistance given (Montgomery).

When the breadwinner was transported to Australia, the system backfired as his wife and children were then dependant on relief from the overseers. Some astute overseers, such as those at Faversham, Kent (Stevens), found it was cheaper to raise enough money to send them to Australia too. There is a Register of Applications for Passages to the Colonies for Convicts Families in class CO 386 for the years 1848-1873 at the Public Record Office.

Orphaned and deserted children were also sent abroad to make a new start, with varying results. The Barnardo Home Children’s experiences in Canada during the period 1870 to the 1930s are recounted by several authors including Kenneth Bagnell. Boards of Guardians had to give notice on handbills or newspapers adverts of their intention of sending unwanted children abroad, as in the following example from the east end of London.

Advert for Deserted Children to Emigrate to Canada 1864

Other Poor Law Records include the important Guardians’ Minute Books that mention all paupers, and Case Papers which have information on many of them. Then there are records of Aliens Wives Relief, Burial Fees and Coffins for Paupers, Coroner’s Inquests, Correspondence, Day Books, and even records of Ex-servicemen Passing Through Casual Wards.

Highways
In the Middle Ages the owners of the land adjoining the highway were responsible for its maintenance, and they required their tenants to actually do the work.

In 1555 this was changed so that parishes became obligated for upkeep of highways. Paving and repairing the highway was achieved by using statute labour, that is, each man’s contribution of four to six days labour per year, supervised by the parish waywarden. Wealthier inhabitants could pay for someone else to do the work, and were also required to provide draught animals and carts.

This basic system prevailed until 1654, when statute labour could be commuted to a highway rate, and paid labour, paupers and convicts were employed. Further improvements such as lighting, cleansing and sewers were added in the 18th and 19th centuries to the waywarden’s, now the highway surveyor’s, responsibilities.

The major roads between cities and towns were turnpiked mainly in the 18th century and each turnpike trust improved and maintained its stretch of highway, levying tolls with which to pay the costs (Hey). The turnpike trusts also employed surveyors and were allowed to use statute labour to augment their own paid labourers in widening and regularly maintaining the surface, as well as building new bridges to replace the former narrow packhorse bridges.

Appointment of Surveyors of Highways
An Act of 1555 required that a Surveyor, or Overseer, of the Highways be appointed for each parish or township at Easter. It was an unpaid position with responsible local men taking turns. He was responsible to the Justices of the Peace, empowered to raise local rates, and had to present his accounts at the end of his term. In 1835 a new system was introduced whereby the JPs appointed paid surveyors for groups of parishes.

Selection of Highway Surveyor, Whippingham, Isle of Wight, Hampshire In Vestry Minutes 10 Oct 1810

Surveyors Rates or Assessments
The rates may be a general highway rate, or separate paving rate, watch rate, lighting rate, and sewer rate, (particularly in cities starting after the major cholera epidemics of 1831-2 and 1848). The cleansing rate was formerly called the scavenger rate in the 17-18th centuries when the street cleaners were termed scavengers and had assistants called rakers who did the actual work of removing nightsoil and rubbish.

Much of this material has been filmed, for example the rate assessments for these purposes for the township of Halifax, Yorkshire 1825-1894 are on 28 films starting at. Some highway rate lists give the occupations by inference from designations of wheelwright’s shop, malthouse, brickyard and so forth as shown below, and some give both owners and occupiers of land.

Extracts from Highway Rates in Mountfield, Sussex 1861

Extracts from Highway Rates in Northowram, Yorkshire 1845-6 

The lists are typically compiled in the same order year by year, thus by comparing a series of annual rates, one can ascertain who moves and when, and which men die and when. By comparing the series of highway (or any other such rate lists) with the parish registers one can often sort out to which of two families your ancestor belongs, as in the following hypothetical example. Say you have a John Thorpe who was born in this place and lived in Church Lane, but there are two possible christenings and neither died as an infant. Consult the highway tax assessments and the following information becomes available.

Comparison of Parish register and Highway Rate Information

Highway Rates Income 1798-1799 Whippingham, Isle of Wight, Hampshire

Surveyors Accounts
Shown below are the expenses for maintaining the highways.

Various other records can be found, such as the names, minutes, patrols, and complaints against the watchmen of St. Martin-in-the-Fields 1826-1829 on.

Highway Expenses 1792 Whippingham, Isle of Wight, Hampshire

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