The “Danish Search Strategies” section of this outline explains how to effectively research your family history. This section is particularly valuable if you are just beginning your research.
The section “Records Selection Table
” helps you select records to search. “Records at the Family History Library,” describes the library's Danish collection. The “Family History Library Catalog” section explains how to use the library's catalog to find specific records in the library's collection.
The outline discusses, in alphabetical order, the major records used for Danish research, such as “Census” and “Church Records.” The names of these sections are the same as the subject headings used in the Family History Library Catalog
.
Related records and concepts are grouped together under the same heading. For example, in the “Emigration and Immigration” section you will find information about—
- The history of emigration from Denmark.
- Passenger lists.
At the end of the outline you will also find a brief list of “Other Records.”
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DANISH SEARCH STRATEGIES
Step 1. Identify What You Know about Your Family
Begin with family and home sources. Look for names, dates, and places in certificates, family Bibles, obituaries, diaries, and similar sources. Ask your relatives for any additional information they may have. It's very likely that your second cousin, great-aunt, or other relative already has some family information. Organize the information you find, and record it on pedigree charts
and family group record
forms.
Step 2. Decide What You Want to Learn
Select a specific relative or ancestor born in Denmark for whom you know at least a name, the village or parish where he or she lived in Denmark, and an approximate date when he or she lived there. It is also very helpful to know the names of other family members born in Denmark.
For suggestions on finding an immigrant ancestor's birthplace, see the “Emigration and Immigration” section of this outline.
Next, decide what you want to learn about your ancestor, such as where and when he was married, or the names of his parents. You may want to ask an experienced researcher or a librarian to help you select a goal that you can achieve.
Step 3. Select a Record to Search
Read this outline to learn about the types of records used for Danish research. To trace your family, you may need to use some of the records described in each section. Several factors can affect your choice of which records to search. This outline can help you evaluate the contents, availability, ease of use, time period covered, and reliability of the records, as well as the likelihood that your ancestor will be listed in them.
To do effective research, you should begin by obtaining some background information. Then survey any research that may have been previously done. Finally, search original documents.
Background Information Sources. You may need some geographical and historical information. This can save you time and effort by helping you focus your research in the correct place and time period.
- Locate the town or place of residence. Examine maps, gazetteers, postal guides, and other place-finding aids to learn as much as you can about each of the places where your ancestors lived. Identify the major migration routes, nearby cities, county boundaries, other geographical features, and government or ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Place-finding aids are described in the “Gazetteers,” “History,” and “Maps,” sections of this outline.
- Review local history. It will help to understand Denmark's history. If possible, study a history of the areas where your ancestors lived. Look for clues about the people, places, and events that may have affected their lives and the records about them. Records with information about migration routes, nearby cities, county boundaries, governmental jurisdictions, and local historical events may be described in periodicals from the area. See the “Periodicals” section of this outline.
- Learn about Danish jurisdictions
. You will need to know about how Denmark is divided into counties and how each county is divided into parishes and other jurisdictions.
- Use language helps. The records and histories of Danish places will usually be written in Danish (or German). You do not need to speak or read Danish to search the records, but you will need to learn some key words and phrases. Some helpful sources are described in the “Language and Languages” section of this outline.
- Understand naming patterns. Many families in Denmark followed distinct naming patterns. Understanding these customs can help you locate missing ancestors. See the “Names, Personal” section of this outline for more information.
- Understand local customs. Local customs may have affected the way individuals were recorded in the records. Illegitimacy, marital customs, and local conditions are discussed in the “Social Life and Customs” section of this paper.
Previous Research Sources. Most genealogists do a survey of research previously done by others. This can save time and give you valuable information. You may want to look for—
Records containing previous research are described in the “Biography,” “Genealogy,” “History,” “Periodicals,” and “Societies” sections of this outline. Remember that the information in these sources may contain some inaccuracies. Therefore, you will want to verify the information you find in such records.
Original Records
. After surveying previous research, you will be ready to begin original research. Original research is the process of searching through original documents (often copied on microfilm), which are usually handwritten in the native language. These documents can provide primary information about your family because they were generally recorded at or near the time of an event by a reliable witness. To do thorough research, you should search records of—
- Each place where your ancestor lived.
- The time period he or she lived there.
- All jurisdictions that may have kept records about your ancestor (town, parish, province, and nation).
Many types of original documents are described in this outline. For Danish research, most family information is found in the records described under—
- Church Records.
- Census Records.
- Probate Records.
For each record type, the paragraph heading used in this outline is the same as the heading used in the Family History Library Catalog.
Step 4. Find and Search the Record
Suggestions for Obtaining Records. You may be able to obtain the records you need in the following ways:
- Family History Library
. You are welcome to visit and use the records at the Family History Library. The library is open to the public. There are no fees for using the records. If you would like more information about its services, contact the library at the following address:
Family History Library
35 North West Temple Street
Salt Lake City, Utah 84150
- Family History Centers
. Copies of most of the records on microform
at the Family History Library can be lent to more than 1,500 Family History Centers. There are reasonable duplication and postage fees for this service.
The library's books cannot be lent to the centers, but copies of many books not protected by copyright are available on microfilm
or microfiche
.
You can get a list of the Family History Centers near you by writing to the Family History Library at the address given above.
- Archives
and local churches. Most of the original documents you will need are at national and regional archives or in local parish offices in Denmark. The Family History Library has most Danish church records until 1920 on microfilm. Additional church records are available at the local parish offices. You can request searches in their records through correspondence. (See the “Archives and Libraries” section of this outline for more information.)
- Libraries and interlibrary loan
. Public, academic, and other research libraries may have some published sources for Danish research. Many libraries also provide interlibrary loan services that allow you to borrow records from other libraries.
- Professional researchers
. You can hire a private researcher to search the records for you. Some researchers specialize in Danish records. Lists of qualified professional researchers are available from the Family History Library. Archives and local church offices in Denmark may provide names of individuals who can search the records for you.
- Photocopies
. The Family History Library offers limited photoduplication services for a small fee. You must specify the exact pages you need. Books protected by copyright cannot be copied in their entirety. However, a few pages can usually be copied for personal research. The Danish archives offer photographic prints of some records, but the costs may be relatively high.
When requesting services from libraries or professional researchers through correspondence, you will have more success if your letter is brief and very specific. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) when writing within your own country. When writing to other countries, enclose international reply coupons (available from your post office). You will usually need to send a check or money order in advance to pay for photocopy or search services.
Suggestions for Searching the Records. You will be most successful with Danish research if you can examine the original records (on microfilm). In some cases, transcripts of the original records are available. Although these may be easier to read, they may be less accurate than the original record.
Follow these principles as you search the records for your ancestor:
- Search for one generation at a time. Do not try to connect your family to others of the same surname who lived more than a generation before your proven ancestor. It is much easier to prove parentage than descent.
- Search for the ancestor's
entire family. The records of each person in a family may include clues for identifying other family members. In most families, children were born at regular intervals (every two to three years). If there appears to be a longer period between some children (four to five years), reexamine the records for a child who may have been overlooked. Consider looking at other records and in other places to find a missing family member.
- Search each source thoroughly. The information you need to find a person or trace the family further may be a minor detail of the record you are searching. Note the occupation of your ancestor and the names of witnesses, godparents, neighbors, relatives, guardians, and others. Also, note the places they are from.
- Search a broad time period. Dates obtained from some sources may not be accurate. Look several years before and after the date you think an event, such as a birth, occurred.
- Look for indexes. Many records have indexes. However, many indexes are incomplete. They may include only the name of the specific person the record is about. They may not include parents, witnesses, and other incidental persons. Also, be aware that the original records may have been misinterpreted or names may have been omitted during indexing.
- Search for prior residence. Information about previous residences is crucial to continued successful research.
- Watch for spelling variations
. Look for the many ways a name could have been spelled. Spelling was not standardized when most early records were made. You may find a name spelled differently than it is today, as well as several different spelling variations in the original records.
Record Your Searches and Findings. Copy the information you find and keep detailed notes about each record you search. These notes should include the author, title, location, call numbers, description, and results of your search. Most researchers use a research log for this purpose.
Step 5. Use the Information
Evaluate the Information You Find. Carefully evaluate whether the information you find is complete and accurate. Ask yourself these questions:
- Who provided the information? Did that person witness the event?
- Was the information recorded near the time of the event, or later?
- Is the information consistent and logical?
- Does the new information verify the information found in other existing sources? Does it differ from information in other sources?
- Does it suggest other places, time periods, or records to search?
Share Your Information with Others. Your family's history can become a source of enjoyment and education for yourself and your family. See the “Genealogy” section of this outline for information about Ancestral File. You are invited to contribute information or corrections to Ancestral File. For more information, see Contributing to Ancestral File. You may want to compile your findings into a family history. You can then share copies of your history with family members, the Family History Library, and other archives.
If you are a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
, be sure to submit information about your deceased family members so you can provide temple ordinances
for them. Your ward family history consultant or a staff member at the library can assist you.
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